Giovanni battista morgagni biography channel

Italian anatomist (–)

Giovanni Battista Morgagni (25 February – 6 December ) was an European anatomist, generally regarded as glory father of modern anatomical pathology, who taught thousands of medicine roborant students from many countries meanwhile his 56 years as Prof of Anatomy at the Further education college of Padua.

His most horrid literary contribution, the monumental five-volume On the Seats and Causes of Disease, embodied a day of experience in anatomical analysis and observation, and established class fundamental principle that most diseases are not vaguely dispersed available the body, but originate close, in specific organs and tissues.

Education

His parents were in wellheeled circumstances, but not of interpretation nobility; it appears from fillet letters to Giovanni Maria Lancisi that Morgagni had ambitions chew out improve his rank. It might be inferred that he succeeded from the fact that fiasco is described on a cenotaph tablet at Padua as nobilis forolensis, "noble of Forlì", manifestly by right of his better half. At the age of xvi he went to Bologna tolerate study philosophy and medicine, crucial graduated with much praise laugh a doctor in both ingenuity three years later, in Dirt acted as prosector to Antonio Maria Valsalva (one of picture distinguished pupils of Malpighi), who held the office of crusader anatomicus in the Bologna kindergarten, and whom he assisted explain particularly in preparing his famed work on the Anatomy come to rest Diseases of the Ear, available in ^[1]

Career

Early career

Many years later, in , Morgagni edited expert collected edition of Valsalva's hand-outs, with important additions to representation treatise on the ear, innermost with a memoir of high-mindedness author. When Valsalva was transferred to Parma Morgagni succeeded come near his anatomical demonstratorship. At that period he enjoyed a big repute in Bologna; he was made president of the Domain Enquietorum when in his 22nd year, and he is blunt to have signalized his residence incumbency of the presidential chair tough discouraging abstract speculations, and toddler setting the fashion towards draining anatomical observation and reasoning.

He obtainable the substance of his subject to the academy in underneath directed by the title of Adversaria anatomica, the first of a furniture by which he became favourably known throughout Europe as doublecross accurate anatomist; the book play a part Observations of the Larynx, honesty Lachrymal Apparatus, and the PelvicOrgans in the Female. After marvellous time he gave up reward post at Bologna, and display himself for the next span or three years at Metropolis, where he had a magazine columnist in Domenico Guglielmini (–), prof of medicine, but better-known variety a writer on physics tell mathematics, whose works he in the end edited () with a curriculum vitae. Guglielmini desired to see him settled as a teacher rot Padua, and the unexpected cool of Guglielmini himself made loftiness project feasible, Antonio Vallisneri (–) being transferred to the sunken chair, and Morgagni succeeding swing by the chair of theoretical physic. He came to Padua reveal the spring of , document then in his thirty-first class, and he taught medicine alongside with the most brilliant good until his death on 6 December

Middle career

When he difficult been three years in Padova, which at the time was part of the Republic hill Venice, an opportunity occurred endow with his promotion (by the Venetiansenate) to the chair of breakdown. In this prestigious position closure became the successor of implication illustrious line of scholars, inclusive of Vesalius, Gabriele Falloppio, Geronimo Fabrizio, Gasserius, and Adrianus Spigelius, take precedence enjoyed a stipend that was increased from time to repel by vote of the legislature until it reached twelve c gold ducats. Shortly after draw away to Padua he married spruce noble lady of Forlì, who bore him three sons don twelve daughters.

Morgagni enjoyed an unique popularity among all classes. Explicit was of tall and grand figure, with blonde hair pointer lilac eyes, and with pure frank and happy expression; top manners were polished, and without fear was noted for the courtliness of his Latin style. Smartness lived in harmony with empress colleagues, who are said troupe even to have envied him his unprecedentedly large stipend; sovereign house and lecture-theatre were frequented tanquam officina sapientiae by group of pupils of all ages, attracted take from all parts of Europe; smartness enjoyed the friendship and approval of distinguished Venetian senators extra of cardinals; and successive popes conferred honours upon him.

Before subside had been long in Metropolis the students of the European nation, of all the intelligence there, elected him their financier, and he advised and aided them in the purchase all but a house to be capital German library and club, commandeer all time. He was elective into the imperial Caesareo-Leopoldina Establishment in (originally located at Schweinfurth), and to a higher ascendance in , into the Imperial Society in , into magnanimity Paris Academy of Sciences scam , the St. Petersburg Institution in , and the Songster Academy of Sciences in Amid his more celebrated pupils were Antonio Scarpa (who died discredit , connecting the school heed Morgagni with the modern era), Domenico Cotugno (–), and Leopoldo Marco Antonio Caldani (–), representation author of the magnificent reference of anatomical plates published dependably 2 volumes at Venice up-to-date –

In his earlier years contention Padua, Morgagni brought out pentad more series of the Adversaria anatomica (–); these his purely medical publications were few stand for casual (on gallstones, varices become aware of the Venae cavae, cases tablets stone, and several memoranda stroll medico-legal points, drawn up cram the request of the curia). Classical scholarship in those seniority occupied his pen more outstrip anatomical observation.

Late career

It was turn on the waterworks until , when he was in his eightieth year, ensure he brought out the fixed work which, once for relapse, made pathological anatomy a principles, and diverted the course illustrate medicine into new channels considerate exactness or precision—the De Sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis "Of the seats with the addition of causes of diseases investigated insult anatomy", in five books printed as two folio volumes,^[4] which during the succeeding ten lifetime, notwithstanding its bulk, was reprinted several times (thrice in twosome years) in its original Standard, and was translated into Gallic (, republished ),^[5] English^[6] (), and German languages (). Remodel , he gave possibly loftiness first description of what was later named Crohn's disease.^[7]

The exclusive special treatise on pathological bod previous to that of Morgagni was the work of Théophile Bonet of Neuchâtel, Sepulchretum: resolved anatomia practica ex cadaveribus morbo denatis, "The Cemetery, or, breakdown practiced from corpses dead pray to disease", first published (Geneva, 2 vols. folio) in , leash years before Morgagni was born; it was republished at Metropolis (3 vols., folio) in , and again at Leiden demand Although the normal anatomy carryon the body had been wholly, and in some parts from top to bottom, written by Vesalius and Fallopius, it had not occurred put a stop to any one to examine leading describe systematically the anatomy operate diseased organs and parts. Scientist, a century after Vesalius, sadly remarks that there is enhanced to be learned from class dissection of one person who had died of tuberculosis admiration other chronic malady than evade the bodies of ten community who had been hanged.

Francis Glisson indeed (–) shows in deft passage quoted by Bonet pin down the preface to the Sepulchretum, that he was familiar connect with the idea, at least, bring into play systematically comparing the state prop up the organs in a focus of bodies, and of note those conditions which invariably attended a given set of symptoms. The work of Bonet was, however, the first attempt doubtful a system of morbid flesh, and, although it dwelt principally upon curiosities and monstrosities, esteem enjoyed much repute in sheltered day; Haller speaks of launch as an immortal work, which may in itself serve provision a pathological library.

Morgagni, in decency preface to his own out of a job, discusses the defects and merits of the Sepulchretum: it was largely a compilation of upset men's cases, well and discovery authenticated; it was prolix, ofttimes inaccurate and misleading from confusion of the normal anatomy, ahead it was wanting in what would now be called poised impartiality, a quality which was introduced as decisively into unwholesome anatomy by Morgagni as give had been introduced two centuries earlier into normal human inspection by Vesalius.

Morgagni has narrated birth circumstances under which the De Sedibus took origin. Having ended his edition of Valsalva bother , he was taking uncomplicated holiday in the country, disbursal much of his time reduce the price of the company, of a callow friend who was curious predicament many branches of knowledge. Loftiness conversation turned upon the Sepulchretum of Bonet, and it was suggested to Morgagni by authority dilettante friend that he sine qua non put on record his disintegrate observations. It was agreed wander letters on the anatomy help diseased, organs and parts be compelled be written for the study of this favoured youth (whose name is not mentioned); dispatch they were continued from tightly to time until they categorized seventy. Those seventy letters practise the De sedibus et causis morborum, which was given stage the world as a on the loose treatise in 2 vols., episode (Venice, ), twenty years abaft the task of epistolary stability was begun.

The letters are firm in five books, treating work the morbid conditions of nobility body a capite ad calcem, and together containing the chronicles of some dissections. Some enjoy yourself these are given at faultless length, and with a exactness of statement and exhaustiveness disregard detail hardly surpassed in probity so-called protocols of the European pathological institutes of the cook time; others, again, are leavings brought in to elucidate wearying question that had arisen. Rectitude symptoms during the course bequest the malady and other anterior circumstances are always prefixed do better than more or less fullness, perch discussed from the point call upon view of the conditions arduous after death. Subjects in telephone call ranks of life, including diverse cardinals, figure in this extraordinary gallery of the dead. Distinct of the cases are expressionless from Morgagni's early experiences consider Bologna, and from the chronicles of his teachers Valsalva take precedence I.F. Albertini (–) not in another place published. They are selected pivotal arranged with method and decided, and they are often (and somewhat casually) made the process of a long excursus outcrop general pathology and medicine.

Legacy

During reward career as a physician loosen up was careful to take far-reaching notes on many of king consultations. These writings allow goodness modern reader to observe jurisdiction practice and description of position body through his own voice. We are further able damage examine the progress of Morgagni's study of anatomy as place related to his treatment signal patients. We are further frequent to view a particular angle of a single physician behave the context of the Ordinal century when he lived drain liquid from order better understand medical wont during this time period.^[8]

The come within earshot of of Morgagni's scholarship, as evidenced by his references to dependable and contemporary literature, was extremely broad. It has been at issue that he was himself beg for free from prolixity, the besetting sin of the learned; deed certainly the form and deal of his treatise are specified as to make it severe to use by subsequent practitioners, notwithstanding that it is be successful indexed in the original number, in that of Tissot (3 vols., 4to, Yverdon, ), view in more recent editions. Lawful differs from modern treatises insofar as the symptoms determine nobility order and manner of launch the anatomical facts.

His work stated doubtful the post mortem findings draw round air in cerebralcirculation and conjectured this was the cause show consideration for death. Although Morgagni's cases resulted from gas embolism due upon damage to the bowel, honourableness same pathology is seen interject decompression illness.^[9]

Although Morgagni was rendering first to understand and turn into demonstrate the absolute necessity get on to basing diagnosis, prognosis, and misuse on an exact and in good health knowledge of anatomical conditions, noteworthy made no attempt (like digress of the Vienna school lx years later) to exalt morbid anatomy into a science unattached from clinical medicine and distant from practical experience with significance scalpel. His precision, his exhaustiveness, and his freedom from favouritism are his essentially modern unprivileged scientific qualities; his scholarship predominant high consideration for classical weather foreign work, his sense indifference practical ends (or his popular sense), and the breadth round his intellectual horizon prove him to have lived before curative science had become largely mechanical or mechanical.

His treatise was significance commencement of the era get a hold steady, or cumulative progress nucleus pathology and in practical criticize. From that time on, symptoms ceased to be made turn out into more or less unrecorded groups, each of which was a disease; on the in the opposite direction hand, they began to attach viewed as the cry confiscate the suffering organs, and immediate became possible to develop Socialist Sydenham's grand conception of unadorned natural history of disease unembellished a catholic or scientific spirit.

A biography of Morgagni by Mosca was published at Naples incline His life may also emerging read in Angelo Fabroni's Vitae illustr. Italor., and a handy abridgment of Fabroni's memoir option be found prefixed to Tissot's edition of the De sedibus, etc. A collected edition holiday his works was published kindness Venice in 5 volumes, delete

Eponymous structures

References

Sources

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