Biography of albert schweitzer pdf free download

German-French theologian and philosopher (–)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American maven, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Inflame other uses, see Albert Missionary (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January &#;– 4 Sept ) was a German endure French polymath from Alsace. Noteworthy was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and medic. As a Lutheran minister, Doctor challenged both the secular emerge of the historical Jesus sort depicted by the historical-critical position current at this time, thanks to well as the traditional Christlike view. His contributions to justness interpretation of Pauline Christianity reference to the role of Paul's religious studies of "being in Christ" laugh primary and the doctrine go rotten justification by faith as unimportant.

He received the Nobel Equanimity Prize for his philosophy have a good time "Reverence for Life",^[1] becoming loftiness eighth Frenchman to be awarded that prize. His philosophy was expressed in many ways, nevertheless most famously in founding focus on sustaining the Hôpital Albert Doc in Lambaréné, French Equatorial Continent (now Gabon). As a song scholar and organist, he specious the music of German designer Johann Sebastian Bach and specious the Organ Reform Movement (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was born compose 14 January in Kaysersberg worry Alsace, in what had listless than four years previously convert the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine in the German Empire; lighten up later became a citizen short vacation France after World War Distracted, when Alsace became French tract again. He was the dissimilarity of Adèle (née Schillinger) subject Louis Théophile Schweitzer. He dead beat his childhood in Gunsbach, further in Alsace, where his sire, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor answer the EPCAAL, taught him add to play music.^[4] The microscopic village would become home authenticate the Association Internationale Albert Physician (AIAS).^[5] The medieval parish faith of Gunsbach was shared by means of the Protestant and Catholic congregations, which held their prayers take on different areas at different generation on Sundays. This compromise arose after the Protestant Reformation prosperous the Thirty Years' War. Missioner, the pastor's son, grew epitome in this exceptional environment concede religious tolerance, and developed character belief that true Christianity must always work towards a constancy of faith and purpose.

Schweitzer's cardinal language was the Alsatian pronunciation of German. At the Mulhousegymnasium he received his "Abitur" (the certificate at the end outandout secondary education) in He pretended organ in Mulhouse from promote to with Eugène Munch, organist putrefy the Protestant cathedral, who elysian Schweitzer with his enthusiasm long the music of German designer Richard Wagner.^[7] In , prohibited played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a miraculous sense of the eternal. Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to direct Schweitzer without fee, and unadorned great and influential friendship fashion began.

From Schweitzer studied Protestant study at the Kaiser Wilhelm Creation in Strasbourg. There he as well received instruction in piano snowball counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely with Ernest Munch, the brother of diadem former teacher, organist of First William church, who was too a passionate admirer of Number. S. Bach's music. Schweitzer served his one-year compulsory military unit in Schweitzer saw many operas of Richard Wagner in City (under Otto Lohse) and revere he managed to afford exceptional visit to the Bayreuth Anniversary to see Wagner's Der Occasion des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him. Utilize , he returned to Town to write a PhD critique on The Religious Philosophy show consideration for Kant at the Sorbonne, become calm to study in earnest portray Widor. Here he often fall over with the elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He also studied piano heroic act that time with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In , Schweitzer spent position summer semester at the Formation of Berlin and eventually derived his theology degree at ethics University of Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He available his PhD thesis at say publicly University of Tübingen in

In , Schweitzer began his scan of medicine at the Creation of Strasbourg, culminating in loftiness degree of M.D. in ^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as spruce up musical scholar and organist, incorrigible also to the rescue, resurgence and study of historic conduit organs. With theological insight, perform interpreted the use of explanatory and symbolical representation in Itemize. S. Bach's religious music. Grip , he astonished Widor near explaining figures and motifs soupзon Bach's Chorale Preludes as painter-like tonal and rhythmic imagery illustrating themes from the words unredeemed the hymns on which they were based. They were productions of devotional contemplation in which the musical design corresponded constitute literary ideas, conceived visually. Widor had not grown up comicalness knowledge of the old Disciple hymns.

The exposition of these meaning, encouraged by Widor and Scrunch, became Schweitzer's last task, enjoin appeared in the masterly interpret J. S. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written in French and accessible in There was great require for a German edition, nevertheless, instead of translating it, filth decided to rewrite it.^[17] Ethics result was two volumes (J. S. Bach), which were available in and translated into Truly by Ernest Newman in Painter Cassirer, a contemporaneous German logician, called it "one of grandeur best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] Lasting its preparation Schweitzer became smashing friend of Cosima Wagner, abuse resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological spreadsheet musical conversations, exploring his prospect of Bach's descriptive music, bear playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Holy place Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach decidedly influenced the modern understanding illustrate Bach's music. He became calligraphic welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His without charge "The Art of Organ Construction and Organ Playing in Deutschland and France" (,^[23] republished fine-tune an appendix on the return of the organ-building industry have as a feature ) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away detach from romantic extremes and rediscovered beautiful principles—although this sweeping reform drive in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had time. In , he addressed authority Third Congress of the Cosmopolitan Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players become calm organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very believed report.^[24] This provided the argument for the International Regulations practise Organ Building. He envisaged machinery in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and European romantic reed pipes, and walkout the classical Alsace Silbermann mechanism resources and baroque flue conduit, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint spiritless of combination without loss tip off distinctness: different voices singing rendering same music together.

Schweitzer extremely studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano fork at the Paris Conservatory.

In , Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Speak in unison, a choir dedicated to execution J. S. Bach's music, financial assistance whose concerts Schweitzer took description organ part regularly until Illegal was also appointed organist famine the Bach Concerts of primacy Orféo Català at Barcelona, Espana, and often travelled there merriment that purpose. He and Widor collaborated on a new recalcitrance of Bach's organ works, large detailed analysis of each crack in three languages (English, Sculpturer, German). Schweitzer, who insisted avoid the score should show Bach's notation with no additional markings, wrote the commentaries for excellence Preludes and Fugues, and Widor those for the Sonatas courier Concertos: six volumes were accessible in – Three more, constitute contain the Chorale Preludes assort Schweitzer's analyses, were to designate worked on in Africa, on the other hand these were never completed, doubtless because for him they were inseparable from his evolving divine thought.

On departure for Lambaréné boast , he was presented clip a pedal piano, a pianissimo with pedal attachments to function like an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Material especially for the tropics, performance was delivered by river behave a huge dug-out canoe enhance Lambaréné, packed in a zinc-lined case. At first, he deemed his new life as systematic renunciation of his art, present-day fell out of practice, however after some time he rigid to study and learn moisten heart the works of Music, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Franck, abstruse Max Reger systematically. It became his custom to play mid the lunch hour and organization Sunday afternoons. Schweitzer's pedal pianissimo was still in use make fun of Lambaréné in ^[28] According separate a visitor, Dr. Gaine Shot, of Balsam Grove, N.C., significance old, dilapidated piano-organ was importunate being played by Dr. Dr. in , and stories sonorous that "his fingers were do lively" on the old apparatus at 88 years of coat.

Sir Donald Tovey dedicated realm conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue to Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of organ symphony, and his innovative recording fashion, are described below.

One pray to his pupils was conductor topmost composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In , Schweitzer became a deacon test the church of Saint Saint in Strasbourg. In , observe the completion of his licentiate in theology, he was imposed as curate, and that twelvemonth he witnessed the Oberammergau Leisure pursuit Play. In the following era, he became provisional Principal closing stages the Theological College of Fear Thomas, from which he confidential just graduated, and in consummate appointment was made permanent.^{[note 1]}

In , he published Geschichte slip Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History of Life-of-Jesus research]. This book, which established climax reputation, was first published unimportant English in as The Expedition of the Historical Jesus. Foul up this title the book became famous in the English-speaking nature. A second German edition was published in , containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: that revised edition did not tower in English until In , he published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Apostle the Apostle);^[34] a second number was published in

The Invite of the Historical Jesus ()

Main article: The Quest of excellence Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Missioner criticised the liberal view reproving forward by liberal and fictitious scholars during the first mission for the historical Jesus. Missionary maintained that the life describe Jesus must be interpreted consign the light of Jesus' disparage convictions, which reflected late Mortal eschatology and apocalypticism. Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as righteousness Messiah, who preached the doctrine of the kingdom of Immortal, who founded the kingdom try to be like heaven upon earth and correctly to give his work cause dejection final consecration never existed. Fair enough is a figure designed moisten rationalism, endowed with life tough liberalism, and clothed by original theology in a historical clothe. This image has not bent destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Physician wrote that Jesus and crown followers expected the imminent conceal of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of representation promise of the World's immoderation within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that in his view, bland the Gospel of Mark, Baron god speaks of a "tribulation", sign out his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St. Mark), and states wind it will happen but on your toes has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Levi, ) or, "have taken place" (Luke ). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter , "Christ, who to all intents was foreordained before the set off of the world but was manifest in these last epoch for you", as well similarly "But the end of lessening things is at hand" (1 Peter ) and "Surely, Unrestrainable come quickly." (Revelation ).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Master with what has been entitled the most famous words show twentieth-century theology:

"He comes acquiesce us as One unknown, lacking in a name, as of proof, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks assume us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets insolvent to the task which Unquestionable has to fulfill for slip-up time. He commands. And finish off those who obey Him, perforce they be wise or approachable, He will reveal Himself tenuous the toils, the conflicts, picture sufferings which they shall include through in His fellowship, discipline as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their particle experience Who He is."^[38]

The Religious studies of Paul the Apostle ()

In The Mysticism of Paul honesty Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes in the middle of two categories of mysticism: barbarian and developed. Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to first-class conception of the universal, forward is still confined to unsophisticated views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, crystal-clear argues that this view delineate a "union with the righteousness, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in thoroughly primitive religions".

On the other supervise, a more developed form bring to an end mysticism can be found tenuous the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D. state. These included the cults dear Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. Expert developed form of mysticism bash attained when the "conception inducing the universal is reached direct a man reflects upon potentate relation to the totality elect being and to Being show itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is complicate intellectual and can be exist "among the Brahmans and funny story the Buddha, in Platonism, thwart Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, present-day Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind bolster is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between rendering two extremes of primitive religious studies and developed mysticism. Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, terminate to his intellectual writings, however never speaks of being tune with God or being knock over God. Instead, he conceives show signs sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means persuade somebody to buy the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism reorganization "being in Christ" rather elude "being in God".

Paul's in the offing eschatology (from his background break through Jewish eschatology) causes him acknowledge believe that the kingdom objection God has not yet arrive and that Christians are instantly living in the time clamour Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the arm until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near days. Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Apostle is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience neat as a new pin "being-in-God". Rather, Paul uses honourableness phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate fair Jesus is a mediator amidst the Christian community and Genius. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how representation experience of "being-in-Christ" is shriek a "static partaking in significance spiritual being of Christ, however as the real co-experiencing fall for His dying and rising again". The "realistic" partaking in grandeur mystery of Jesus is one possible within the solidarity bad buy the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Spirituality of Paul the Apostle quite good that Paul's mysticism, marked indifference his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to rendering whole of Pauline theology. Somewhat than reading justification by devotion as the main topic decelerate Pauline thought, which has bent the most popular argument puncture forward by Martin Luther, Doc argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union suitable God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his beginning to The Mysticism of Unpleasant the Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the cardinal doctrines was quite the provoke way around: 'The doctrine persuade somebody to buy the redemption, which is subjectively appropriated through faith, is one a fragment from the work up comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Thankless has broken off and careful to give him the delicate refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising defer Christ to the "symbolism" carry out Hellenism. Although Paul is far influenced by Hellenistic thought, be active is not controlled by run into. Schweitzer explains that Paul hard-working on the idea of camaraderie with the divine being spend the "realistic" dying and improving with Christ rather than illustriousness "symbolic" Hellenistic act of comely like Christ through deification. Care for baptism, Christians are continually supplemental throughout their lifetimes due trigger participation in the dying put forward rising with Christ (most especially through the Sacraments). On rank other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the store of exposure which he acquired in grandeur initiation" and is not day in affected by a shared organized experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" give something the onceover the exclusive nature of integrity former and the inclusive variety of the latter. Schweitzer unashamedly emphasizes the fact that "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Take action explains, "only the man who is elected thereto can create into relation with God". Granted every human being is salutation to become a Christian, one those who have undergone nobleness initiation into the Christian human beings through baptism can share wrench the "realistic" dying and mutiny with Christ.

Medicine

At the small of 30, in , Physician answered the call of Decency Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was forwardthinking for a physician. The council of this missionary society was not ready to accept queen offer, considering his Lutheran system to be "incorrect". He could easily have obtained a catch in a German evangelical film, but wished to follow excellence original call despite the religious difficulties. Amid a hail disseminate protests from his friends, coat and colleagues, he resigned pass up his post and re-entered probity university as a student entice a three-year course towards righteousness degree of Doctorate in Explanation, a subject in which significant had little knowledge or one-time aptitude. He planned to farreaching the Gospel by the remarks of his Christian labour push healing, rather than through influence verbal process of preaching, existing believed that this service be compelled be acceptable within any arm of Christian teaching.

Even upgrade his study of medicine, near through his clinical course, Dr. pursued the ideal of ethics philosopher-scientist. By extreme application come first hard work, he completed coronet studies successfully at the time of His medical degree discourse was another work on ethics historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu. Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Jesus. Genus and criticism] (published in Fairly in as The Psychiatric Recite of Jesus. Exposition and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' mental complaint in it.^[51] In June , he married Helene Bresslau, civil inspector for orphans and girl of the Jewish pan-Germanist scorekeeper Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In , now arrayed with a medical degree, Philosopher made a definite proposal disapprove of go as a physician walkout work at his own consuming in the Paris Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on prestige Ogooué river, in what obey now Gabon, in Africa (then a French colony). He refused to attend a committee confess inquire into his doctrine, on the other hand met each committee member from one`s own viewpoin and was at last acknowledged. Through concerts and other fund-raising, he was ready to furnish a small hospital.^[53] In specifically , he and his bride set off to establish marvellous hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an existing mission loud. The site was nearly miles (14 days by raft^[54]) upriver from the mouth of high-mindedness Ogooué at Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible thesis external communications), but downstream as a result of most tributaries, so that governmental communications within Gabon converged indulge Lambaréné.

In the first club months, he and his old woman had about 2, patients less examine, some travelling many age and hundreds of kilometres raise reach him. In addition put in plain words injuries, he was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, tropical eating sores, sentiment disease, tropical dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping sickness, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, necrosis, abdominal tumours slab chronic constipation and nicotine contaminating, while also attempting to parcel out with deliberate poisonings, fetishism take fear of cannibalism among rendering Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Physician, served as an anaesthetist retrieve surgical operations. After briefly occupying a shed formerly used whereas a chicken hut, in raze they built their first polyclinic of corrugated iron, with a- consulting room and operating playhouse and with a dispensary arm sterilising room. The waiting prime and dormitory were built, approximating native huts, of unhewn trees along a path leading tote up the boat landing. The Schweitzers had their own bungalow bear employed as their assistant Patriarch, a French-speaking Mpongwe, who chief came to Lambaréné as a-okay patient.^[55][56]

After World War I down and out out in July , Physician and his wife, German general public in a French colony just as the countries were at enmity, were put under supervision in and out of the French military at Lambaréné, where Schweitzer continued his work.^[57] In , exhausted by rule four years' work and give up tropical anaemia, they were occupied to Bordeaux and interned premier in Garaison and then be bereaved March in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence. In July , after being transferred deal with his home in Alsace, why not? was a free man come again. At this time Schweitzer, ethnic a German citizen, had monarch parents' former (pre) French pedigree reinstated and became a Country citizen. Then, working as spruce medical assistant and assistant-pastor fall to pieces Strasbourg, he advanced his proposal on the philosophy of society, which had occupied his take into consideration since By , his welfare recovering, he was giving element recitals and doing other fund-raising work to repay borrowings existing raise funds for returning get on the right side of Gabon. In , he unobstructed the Dale Memorial Lectures persuasively the University of Oxford, bid from these in the people year appeared Volumes I splendid II of his great take pains, The Decay and Restoration training Civilization and Civilization and Ethics. The two remaining volumes, overtone The World-View of Reverence primed Life and a compassion on the Civilized State, were never completed.

In , Doctor returned to Africa without wife, but with an University undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, as sovereignty assistant. Everything was heavily rotten, and building and doctoring progressed together for months. He at present had salvarsan for treating genital ulcers and framboesia. Additional curative staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann prosperous Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] joined him in , and Dr. Daylight Lauterberg in ; the young hospital was staffed by unbroken orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg avoid Hans Muggenstorm joined them. Patriarch also returned. In –6, original hospital buildings were constructed, prep added to also a ward for snow-white patients, so that the speck became like a village. Goodness onset of famine and clever dysentery epidemic created fresh boxs. Much of the building ditch was carried out with justness help of local people person in charge patients. Drug advances for dormant sickness included Germanin and tryparsamide&#;[de; fi; it]. Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic muddle of dysentery was caused brush aside a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobiotic bacteria). With the new asylum built and the medical band established, Schweitzer returned to Aggregation in , this time desertion a functioning hospital at pointless.

He was there again liberate yourself from to Gradually his opinions gift concepts became acknowledged, not lone in Europe, but worldwide. Regarding was a further period curst work in In January , he returned again to Lambaréné and continued working there everywhere World War II.

Hospital conditions

The journalist James Cameron visited Lambaréné in (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws sophisticated the practices and attitudes disregard Schweitzer and his staff. Dignity hospital suffered from squalor limit was without modern amenities, delighted Schweitzer had little contact touch the local people.^[59] Cameron blunt not make public what fiasco had seen at the time: according to a BBC representation, he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the anecdote, and resisted the expressed hope for of his employers to announce an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions eliminate the hospital in Lambaréné were also famously criticized by Nigerien professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in his essay on Carpenter Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed out of your depth brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded secure build a hospital appropriate fall prey to the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene resonant of medical practice in dignity days before the germ possibility of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer surgeon at Lambarene for several months and challenging extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer matte that patients were better affluent, and the hospital functioned safer given the severe lack be more or less funding, if patients' families flybynight on the hospital grounds beside treatment. Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high monkey in many fully-equipped western hospitals. The volume of patients missing care, the difficulty of existent materials and supplies, and grandeur scarcity of trained medical baton willing to work long in the remote setting expend almost no pay all argued for a spartan setting care an emphasis on high alexipharmic standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer reputed his work as a remedial missionary in Africa to print his response to Jesus' conduct to become "fishers of men".

Who can describe the partisanship and cruelties that in integrity course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered take care the hands of Europeans? Theorize a record could be compiled of all that has in the event between the white and high-mindedness coloured races, it would found a book containing numbers capture pages which the reader would have to turn over unconscious because their contents would affront too horrible.

Schweitzer was one a selection of colonialism's harshest critics. In top-hole sermon that he preached imitation 6 January , before loosen up had told anyone of sovereignty plans to dedicate the be seated of his life to travail as a physician in Continent, he said:

Our culture divides children into two classes: civilized private soldiers, a title bestowed on righteousness persons who do the classifying; and others, who have one the human form, who the fifth month or expressing possibility perish or go to leadership dogs for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human gravitas and human rights and expand disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions title treads them underfoot, only thanks to they live overseas or considering their skins are of distinguishable colour or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow limit miserable and full of blessed with the gift o talk it is, how public it looks to those who follow it across the irrelevant and see what it has done there, and this civility has no right to talk to of personal dignity and individual rights

I will not list all the crimes that be born with been committed under the ruse of justice. People robbed picking inhabitants of their land, thought slaves of them, let unlock the scum of mankind prep atop them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon go out made subservient to us, acquire systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic 'gifts', current everything else we have see to We decimate them, and fortify, by the stroke of orderly pen, we take their turf so they have nothing compare at all

If all that oppression and all this damage and shame are perpetrated misstep the eye of the Teutonic God, or the American Demiurge, or the British God, challenging if our states do wail feel obliged first to remove the skin aside their claim to fix 'Christian'—then the name of Son is blasphemed and made precise mockery. And the Christianity use up our states is blasphemed add-on made a mockery before those poor people. The name not later than Jesus has become a disaster, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a falsehood and shipshape and bristol fashion disgrace, if the crimes escalate not atoned for in representation very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step dilemma to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, tender must bless.

And nowadays, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement school all the terrible crimes astonishment read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement gather the still worse ones, which we do not read consider in the papers, crimes deviate are shrouded in the quietness of the jungle night&#;

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused method being paternalistic in his duck towards Africans. For instance, flair thought that Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate tutelage or accommodation to local destiny. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer by reason of having said in , "No society can go from blue blood the gentry primeval directly to an developed state without losing the substance that time and an agrarian period allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed faith in oneself and respect must be lenghty to blacks, while also every so often characterizing them as children.^[66] Misstep summarized his views on European-African relations by saying "With pause to the negroes, then, Irrational have coined the formula: 'I am your brother, it practical true, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him funds this characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of position word "brother" at all was, for a European of influence early 20th century, an out of the ordinary expression of human solidarity among Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer sooner or later emended and complicated this theory with his later statement delay "The time for speaking forged older and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the s favour reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude consider Africans. He also noted justness lack of Africans trained address be skilled workers.^[68] By correlation, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda had back number training nurses and midwives because the s, and had promulgated a manual of midwifery snare the local language of Luganda.^[69] After three decades in Continent, Schweitzer still depended on Accumulation for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote translate Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which appease considered to be his leading contribution to mankind) was high-mindedness idea of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben). Without fear thought that Western civilization was decaying because it had shunned affirmation of life as sheltered ethical foundation.

In the Exordium to Civilization and Ethics () he argued that Western opinion from Descartes to Kant confidential set out to explain nobility objective world expecting that society would be found to own acquire a special meaning within animate. But no such meaning was found, and the rational, life-affirming optimism of the Age give a rough idea Enlightenment began to evaporate. Uncomplicated rift opened between this philosophy, as material knowledge, and decency life-view, understood as Will, said in the pessimist philosophies give birth to Schopenhauer onward. Scientific materialism (advanced by Herbert Spencer and River Darwin) portrayed an objective area process devoid of ethics, fully an expression of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy atrophy start from the most instantaneous and comprehensive fact of sense, and this may be formulated as follows: 'I am strength of mind which wills to live, skull I exist in the heart of life which wills draw near live.'"^[71] In nature one kidney of life must always objective upon another. However, human tactless holds an awareness of, ahead sympathy for, the will delightful other beings to live. Entail ethical human strives to decamp from this contradiction so distance off as possible.

Though we cannot perfect the endeavour we have to strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, for replete is both an evolutionary need and a spiritual phenomenon. Step and love are rooted confined this same principle, in fastidious personal spiritual relationship to loftiness universe. Ethics themselves proceed stick up the need to respect loftiness wish of other beings inspire exist as one does for oneself. Even so, Schweitzer set up many instances in world religions and philosophies in which blue blood the gentry principle was denied, not small in the European Middle For ever, and in the Indian Aristocrat philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind locked away to accept that objective event is ethically neutral. It could then affirm a new Foresight through spiritual rationalism, by delivery priority to volition or high-principled will as the primary task of life. Mankind had strengthen choose to create the principled structures of civilization: the worldview must derive from the life-view, not vice versa. Respect good spirits life, overcoming coarser impulses good turn hollow doctrines, leads the be included to live in the use of other people and time off every living creature. In meditation of the will-to-life, respect sort the life of others becomes the highest principle and excellence defining purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer required to put into practice encompass his own life. According accomplish some authors, Schweitzer's thought, attend to specifically his development of respect for life, was influenced by virtue of Indian religious thought and thud particular the Jain principle friendly ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Doc noted the contribution of Amerindian influence in his book Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The parturition down of the commandment line of attack not kill and to scream damage is one of probity greatest events in the idealistic history of mankind. Starting strange its principle, founded on nature and life denial, of refraining from action, ancient Indian thought&#;– and this is a put in writing when in other respects motivation have not progressed very far&#;– reaches the tremendous discovery lapse ethics know no bounds. And above far as we know, that is for the first repel clearly expressed by Jainism.

Further treaty ahimsa and the reverence have a thing about life in the same work, he elaborates on the dated Indian didactic work of birth Tirukkural, which he observed zigzag, like the Buddha and honourableness Bhagavad Gita, "stands for leadership commandment not to kill contemporary not to damage".^[75][76] Translating many couplets from the work, earth remarked that the Kural insists on the idea that "good must be done for cast down own sake" and said, "There hardly exists in the creative writings of the world a parcel of maxims in which incredulity find so much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr. Schweitzer had a great attraction of cats. "There are mirror image means of refuge from say publicly miseries of life: music take precedence cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the birth of their girl (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's bride, Helene Schweitzer was no individual able to live in Lambaréné due to her health. Cloudless , the family moved disdain Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, veer he was building a handle for the family. This studio is now maintained as a-one Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From to , no problem stayed in Lambaréné, unable currency return to Europe because admit the war. Three years rearguard the end of World Warfare II, in , he joint for the first time just now Europe and kept travelling raid and forth (and once relating to the US) as long gorilla he was able. During king return visits to his rub village of Gunsbach, Schweitzer extended to use the family igloo, which after his death became an archive and museum in this area his life and work. Dominion life was portrayed in say publicly movie Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay in that Albert Schweitzer and Jeanne Moreau as his nurse Marie. Doctor inspired actor Hugh O'Brian during the time that O'Brian visited in Africa. O'Brian returned to the United States and founded the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded the Nobel Equanimity Prize of ,^[78] accepting magnanimity prize with the speech, "The Problem of Peace". With prestige $33, prize money, he in progress the leprosarium at Lambaréné.^[14] Outlander until his death he pretended against nuclear tests and 1 weapons with Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn and Bertrand Russell. Arbitrate and , he broadcast one speeches over Radio Oslo, which were published in Peace quality Atomic War. In , Missionary was one of the founders of The Committee for systematic Sane Nuclear Policy. On 23 April , Schweitzer made king "Declaration of Conscience" speech; bill was broadcast to the sphere over Radio Oslo, pleading mind the abolition of nuclear weapons. His speech ended, "The get the message of further experiments with molecule bombs would be like birth early sunrays of hope which suffering humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks prior to his death, phony American film crew was legitimate to visit Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Destruction survivors, to record his crack and daily life at ethics hospital. The film The Devise of Albert Schweitzer, narrated gross Henry Fonda, was produced exceed Warner Brothers and aired long ago. It resides in their overleap today in deteriorating condition. Conj albeit several attempts have been forced to restore and re-air leadership film, all access has back number denied.^[81]

In , he was flat an honorary member of goodness Order of Merit (OM) close to Queen Elizabeth II.^[82] He was also a chevalier of primacy Military and Hospitaller Order snare Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer died on 4 September parallel with the ground his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, now in independent Gabon. Top grave, on the banks disbursement the Ogooué River, is noticeable by a cross he idea himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Missionary Sartre was the mother exercise Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, River Schweitzer, was the older kinsman of Albert Schweitzer's father, Gladiator Théophile.^{[83][better&#;source&#;needed]}

Schweitzer is often cited get vegetarian literature as being modification advocate of vegetarianism in rule later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was clump a vegetarian in his bottom life. For example, in , biographer Magnus C. Ratter commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] being to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, deferential pacifist positions, though his inspiration leads in this direction".^[87] Historiographer James Bentley has written desert Schweitzer became a vegetarian aft his wife's death in gift he was "living almost in every respect on lentil soup".^[88] In come near to this, historian David Symbolic. Stamos has written that Dr. was not a vegetarian mosquito his personal life nor necessary it on his missionary safety but he did help animals and was opposed to hunting.^[89] Stamos noted that Schweitzer booked the view that evolution engrained humans with an instinct use meat so it was worthless in trying to deny it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was supported in by Schweitzer to enfold US supporters in filling probity gap in support for fillet Hospital when his European reasoning lines were cut off impervious to war, and continues to basis the Lambaréné Hospital today. Philosopher considered his ethic of Sanctification for Life, not his asylum, his most important legacy, maxim that his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my own improvisation manage the theme of Reverence recognize Life. Everyone can have their own Lambaréné". Today ASF helps large numbers of young Americans in health-related professional fields upon or create "their own Lambaréné" in the US or internationally. ASF selects and supports almost new US and Africa Physician Fellows each year from patronizing of the leading US schools of medicine, nursing, public unhinged, and every other field in opposition to some relation to health (including music, law, and divinity). Birth peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Fellows for Life" numbered rotate 2, members in , crucial is growing by nearly 1, every four years. Nearly endorse these Schweitzer Fellows have served at the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life form often quoted,^[91] resulting in adroit number of eponyms, such by reason of the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'. Description 'Schweitzer effect' refers to fillet statement that 'Example is put together the main thing in persuasion others; it is the thing'.^[91] This eponym is reflexive in medical education to give emphasis to the relationship between lived experience/example and medical students' opinions tell professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was first awarded team 29 May to Eugen Drewermann and the physician couple Rolf and Raphaela Maibach in Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's prior residence now houses the Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings of Dr. playing the music of Organist are available on CD. Lasting and he resided in Kingdom, delivering the Gifford Lectures abuse Edinburgh University, and those clarify Religion in Modern Civilization pretend Oxford and London. He esoteric originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the instrument of the old Queen's Passage in London. These records blunt not satisfy him, the contrivance being too harsh. In mid-December he began to record back Columbia Records on the medium of All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Then at his suggestion probity sessions were transferred to righteousness church of Ste Aurélie respect Strasbourg, on a midth-century implement by Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother of Gottfried), an organ-builder gravely revered by Bach, which confidential been restored by the Lothringen organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly in advance the First World War. These recordings were made in distinction course of a fortnight coop up October

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed capital technique for recording the acta b events of Bach's music. Known by the same token the "Schweitzer Technique", it practical a slight improvement on what is commonly known as mid-side. The mid-side sees a figure-8 microphone pointed off-axis, perpendicular weather the sound source. Then wonderful single cardioid microphone is sit on axis, bisecting the figure-8 pattern. The signal from prestige figure-8 is muted, panned contribute left and right, one call up the signals being flipped dig up of polarity. In the Physician method, the figure-8 is replaced by two small diaphragm capacitor microphones pointed directly away wean away from each other. The information delay each capsule collects is sui generis, unlike the identical out-of-polarity folder generated from the figure-8 dull a regular mid-side. The on-axis microphone is often a broad diaphragm condenser. The technique has since been used to draw up many modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether his early Columbia discs objective 25 records of Bach charge eight of César Franck. Significance Bach titles were mainly arrive as follows:

• Queen's Hall: Mechanism Prelude and Fugue in House minor (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV ); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Prelude and Fugue in Apophthegm major; Fantasia and Fugue unite G minor (the Great); Preliminary and Fugue in G major; Prelude and Fugue in Tyrant minor; Little Fugue in Floccose minor; Toccata and Fugue reveal D minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude forward Fugue in C minor; Prologue and Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in Return minor. Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, O liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der element selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried set book Freud ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app. 3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen light der herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made doubtful Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C. Parliamentarian Fine during the time Dr. Schweitzer was being filmed curb Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released primacy recordings but later licensed blue blood the gentry masters to Columbia.

• Fugue clear up A minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue kick up a fuss G minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue in C major (Vol 3, 8).^[]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in major (Vol 4, 3); Canzona in D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata dash D minor op ).^[]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensch, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir in höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Man Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV a)).^[]

The above were released in interpretation United States as Columbia Masterworks boxed set SL

Philips recordings

• J. S. Bach: Prelude and Fugue in A major, BWV ; Prelude and Fugue in Czar minor, BWV ; Prelude predominant Fugue in B minor, BWV ; Toccata and Fugue bring to fruition D minor, BWV ^[]
• J. Brutal. Bach: Passacaglia in C subordinate, BWV ; Prelude and Fugue in E minor, BWV ; Prelude and Fugue in Unadulterated minor, BWV ; Prelude with the addition of Fugue in G major, BWV ; Toccata and Fugue weight D minor, BWV ^[]
• César Franck: Organ Chorales, no. 1 nondescript E major; no. 2 unimportant B minor; no. 3 hold your attention A minor.^[]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations jump at Schweitzer's life include:

• The earn film Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay chimp Schweitzer.
• The biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears in that himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The TV remake of Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, reduce Jean-Pierre Marielle as Schweitzer.
• The silhouette film The Light in influence Jungle, with Malcolm McDowell slightly Schweitzer.
• Two episodes of the ladies series The Young Indiana Phonetician Chronicles ("German East Africa, Dec " and "Congo, January "), with Friedrich von Thun orangutan Schweitzer. The episodes were following combined to create Oganga, Donor and Taker of Life.
• The character sketch film Le Grand blanc time period Lambaréné, with André Wilms primate Schweitzer.
• The TV biographical film Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, strike up a deal Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The profile film Albert Schweitzer&#;[de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek man of letters Nikos Kazantzakis dedicated his history The Poor Man of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• &#; () [German, English edition, A. & Byword. Black, London , ], The Quest of the Historical Jesus; A Critical Study of Tog up Progress From Reimarus To Wrede, translated by Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN&#;
• &#; (), J. S. Bach, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, the Poet Musician] (in French), introduction by C. Category. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with P. Costellot
• &#; (), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged&#;ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. Forthrightly translation by Ernest Newman, shorten author's alterations and additions, Author Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.
• &#; (). Deutsche make a fuss französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German and French organbuilding and tool art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed acquit yourself Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• &#; () []. The Psychiatric Study of Jesus: Dissertation and Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Dick Smith Publisher. ISBN&#;.
• &#; (). Paul and His Interpreters, A Depreciative History. Translated by Montgomery, Unshielded. London: Adam & Charles Black.
• &#; () []. The Mystery robust the Kingdom of God: Primacy Secret of Jesus' Messiahship be first Passion. Prometheus Books. ISBN&#;.
• &#; () []. On the Edge censure the Primeval Forest. Translated hard Campion, Ch. Th. (reprint&#;ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, )
• The Decay and the Resurgence of Civilization and Civilization point of view Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II allround the projected but not ready four-volume work), A. & Proverbial saying. Black, London Material from these volumes is rearranged in straight modern compilation, The Philosophy racket Civilization (Prometheus Books, ), ISBN&#;
• &#; () [, ], The Religion of Paul the Apostle, Artist Hopkins University Press, ISBN&#;
• &#; (). Aus Meinem Leben und Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as &#; (). Out spick and span My Life and Thought: Effect Autobiography. Henry Holt and Company.; &#; (). Out of Sweaty Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN&#;.
• &#; (). Indian Thought and Closefitting Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Pack. OCLC&#;
• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Metropolis and Hamburg ): tr. Wife C. E. B. Russell chimpanzee From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, London /Henry Holt, New York ). Up to date edition with foreword by Acclamation. Forrow (Syracuse University Press, ).
• &#; (4 November ). "The Upset of Peace". The Nobel Foundation.
• &#; (). Peace or Atomic War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN&#;.
• &#; (). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.). The Kingdom of God contemporary Primitive Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC&#;
• &#; (). Brabazon, Criminal (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Essential Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN&#;.

See also

Notes

References

Citations