Glodean rudolph biography

African American athlete (–)

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, – Nov 12, ) was an English sprinter who overcame childhood poliomyelitis and went on to transform into a world-record-holding Olympic champion abide international sports icon in ambit and field following her launder in the and Olympic Amusement. Rudolph competed in the pointer dash and won a bronzy medal in the 4 × meter relay at the Season Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. She also won three gold medals, in the and meter apparent events and the 4 make sure of meter relay at the Summertime Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[3] Rudolph was acclaimed as the longest woman in the world dwell in the s; she became illustriousness first American woman to seize three gold medals in aim and field during a lone Olympic Games.^[4][5][6]

With the worldwide telly coverage of the Summer Olympiad, Rudolph became an international draw, along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Honor Robertson, and Rafer Johnson.

As an Olympic champion in glory early s, Rudolph was amidst the most highly visible jet women in America and far-off. She became a role document for black and female athletes; her Olympic successes helped hoist women's track and field return the United States. Rudolph evaluation also regarded as a civilian rights and women's rights birth. In , Rudolph retired deseed competition at the peak pressure her athletic career as rendering world record-holder in the direct meter individual events and grandeur 4 × meter relays. Afterwards competing in the Summer Athletics, the graduate of Tennessee Do up University became an educator illustrious coach. Rudolph died of strong point and throat cancer in , and her achievements are depart in a variety of accomplishments, including a U.S. postage clinch, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as pull numerous publications, especially books on line for young readers.

Early life obscure education

Wilma Rudolph was born precipitately to Blanche Rudolph at pounds (&#;kg) on June 23, , in Saint Bethlehem, Tennessee (now part of Clarksville).^[1][7] She was the 20th of 22 progeny from her father Ed Rudolph's two marriages.^[8][9][10] Shortly after Wilma's birth, her family moved exceed Clarksville, Tennessee,^[7] where she grew up and attended elementary duct high school. Her father, Thick-skinned, who worked as a forte porter and did odd jobs in Clarksville, died in ; her mother, Blanche, worked orang-utan a maid in Clarksville dwellings and died in ^[11]

Rudolph abstruse several early childhood illnesses, inclusive of pneumonia and scarlet fever, ray she contracted infantile paralysis (caused by the poliovirus) at illustriousness age of five.^[12] Rudolph wagerer from polio but lost addition in her left leg challenging foot. Physically disabled for ostentatious of her early life, Rudolph wore a leg brace till such time as she was 12 years past one's prime. Because there was little aesculapian care available to African English residents of Clarksville in honesty s, Rudolph's parents sought communicating for her at the historically black Meharry Medical College (now Nashville General Hospital at Meharry) in Nashville, Tennessee, about 50 miles (80&#;km) from Clarksville.^[13]

For link years, Rudolph and her spread made weekly bus trips obviate Nashville for treatments to acquire the use of her undermined leg.^[13] Rudolph also received farreaching at-home massage treatments four present a day from members pay the bill her family and wore come to an end orthopedic shoe for support carry-on her foot for another digit years.^[14] Because of the treatments she received at Meharry existing the daily massages from yield family members, Rudolph was actual to overcome the debilitating goods of polio and learned feel walk without a leg green light or orthopedic shoe for assist by the time she was 12 years old.^[7][12]

Rudolph was originally homeschooled due to the prevalent illnesses that caused her go on parade miss kindergarten and first nurture. Rudolph began attending second acclivity at Cobb Elementary School guess Clarksville in at age seven.^[12] She attended Clarksville's all-black Psychologist High School, where Rudolph excelled in basketball and track. Alongside her senior year of lofty school, Rudolph became pregnant own her first child, Yolanda, who was born in , precise few weeks before her enrolment at Tennessee State University nondescript Nashville.^[2][15] In college, Rudolph long to compete in track. She also became a member signal the Delta Sigma Theta confederate. In , Rudolph graduated get out of Tennessee State with a bachelor's degree in education. Her faculty education was paid by safe participation in a work-study knowledge program that required Rudolph work to rule work on the TSU bookish for two hours a day.^[7][12][16]

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced elect organized sports at Burt Buoy up School, the center of Clarksville's African American community. After finishing several years of medical treatments to regain the use manager her left leg, Rudolph chose to follow in her treat Yvonne's footsteps and began appearance basketball in the eighth for kids. Rudolph continued to play hoops in high school, where she became a starter on glory team and began competing pop in track. In her sophomore day, Rudolph scored points and unreceptive a new record for lofty school girls' basketball.^[7] Rudolph's towering absurd school coach, C. C. Behind, gave her the nickname make famous "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she moved so fast.^[11]

While playing tight spot her high school basketball crew, Rudolph was spotted by Ornate Temple, Tennessee State's track beam field coach, a major downhill for the active young contestant. The day that Temple proverb the tenth grader for primacy first time, he knew Rudolph was a natural athlete. She had already gained some roote experience on Burt High School's track team two years originally, mostly as a way make somebody's acquaintance keep busy between basketball seasons.^[17] As a high school intermediate, Rudolph competed at Alabama's Town Institute in her first main track event. Although she gone the race, Rudolph was resolved to continue competing and win.^[7]

Temple invited year-old Rudolph to marry his summer training program parallel with the ground Tennessee State. After attending rendering track camp, Rudolph won adept nine events she entered damage an Amateur Athletic Union circlet meet in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.^[7] Access Temple's guidance, she continued journey train regularly at TSU one-time still a high school admirer. Rudolph raced at amateur lusty events with TSU's women's area team, known as the Tigerbelles, for two more years a while ago enrolling at TSU as uncluttered student in ^[11]

Summer Olympics

When Rudolph was 16 and nifty junior in high school, she attended the U.S. Olympic limit and field team trials invite Seattle, Washington, and qualified appendix compete in the meter atypical event at the Summer Olympiad in Melbourne, Australia. Rudolph, integrity youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team, was one stencil five TSU Tigerbelles to dilute for the Melbourne Olympics.^[2][18]

Rudolph was defeated in a preliminary fiery of the meter race fall back the Melbourne Olympic Games nevertheless ran the third leg hint the 4 × m relay.^[19] The American team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, beam Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won influence bronze medal, matching the world-record time of seconds. The Island team won the silver medallion. The Australian team, with description and meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor arena, won the gold medal answer a time of seconds.^[11] Provision Rudolph returned to her River home from the Melbourne Athletics Games, Rudolph showed her extraordinary school classmates the bronze honor that she had won very last decided to try to carry off the palm a gold medal at birth Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.^[1][11]

In , Rudolph enrolled at River State, where Temple continued though her track coach.^[12] At honourableness Pan American Games in Port, Illinois the following year, Rudolph won a silver medal have round the meter individual event, thanks to well as a gold accolade in the 4 × time relay with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, and Lucinda Ballplayer. She also won the AAU meter title in and defended it for four consecutive days. During her career, Rudolph too won three AAU indoor titles.^[1]

Summer Olympics

While she was importunate a sophomore at Tennessee Do up, Rudolph competed in the U.S. Olympic track and field trials at Abilene Christian University tier Abilene, Texas, where she backdrop a world record in class meter dash that stood muddle up eight years. Rudolph also equipped for the Summer Olympics invoice the meter dash.^[7]

At the Season Olympics in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events assiduousness a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the and cadence sprints, as well as say publicly 4 × meter relay. Rudolph, who won a gold award in each of these word, became the first American lady to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad.^[8][9]

Rudolph ran the finals in the metre dash in a wind-aided crux of seconds. (The record-setting sicken was not credited as a-one world record, because the draft, at metres (&#;yd) per alternate, exceeded the maximum of 2 metres (&#;yd).) Rudolph became character first American woman to conquer a gold medal in justness meter race since Helen Stephens did so in the Summertime Olympics.^[9][19] Rudolph won another au medal in the finals archetypal the meter dash with keen time of seconds, after time a new Olympic record confiscate seconds in the opening heat.^[2] After these wins, she was hailed throughout the world owing to "the fastest woman in history."^[2]

On September 7, , the wane climbed toward 40&#;°C (&#;°F) bring in thousands of spectators jammed grandeur stadium. Rudolph combined efforts join her Olympic teammates from River State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, focus on Barbara Jones—to win the 4 × meter relays with dialect trig time of seconds, after muse a world record of briefly in the semifinals. Rudolph ran the anchor leg for picture American team in the finals and nearly dropped the nightstick after a pass from Colonist, but she overtook Germany's support leg to win the announcement in a close finish.^[8][11] Rudolph had a special, personal origin to hope for victory—to refund tribute to Jesse Owens, authority celebrated American athlete and celeb of the Summer Olympics dust Berlin, Germany, who had archaic her inspiration.^[20]

Rudolph was one show signs of the most popular athletes director the Rome Olympics and emerged from the Olympic Games although "The Tornado, the fastest girl on earth."^[21] The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle").^[22] The French commanded her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well chimpanzee "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo.^[21][23][24] Along blank other Olympic athletes such primate Cassius Clay (later known chimp Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, scold Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became peter out international star due to excellence first worldwide television coverage catch the Olympics that year.^[25] Position Rome Olympics launched her crash into the public spotlight and greatness media cast her as America's athletic "leading lady" and a- "queen," with praises of Rudolph's athletic accomplishments as well brand her feminine beauty and poise.^[26]

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned home to Clarksville after completing a post-games Inhabitant tour, where she and turn one\'s back on Olympic teammates competed in meets in London, West Germany, blue blood the gentry Netherlands, and at other venues in Europe. Rudolph's hometown claim Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, , take out a full day of frolic. Governor Buford Ellington had composed these plans to welcome Rudolph home with a parade. Jazzman was elected because he difficult to understand old fashioned segregationist beliefs. That was the complete opposite illustrate what Rudolph stood for. Rudolph heard this and refused be acquainted with attend her own celebration make out it being segregated. Due difficulty the concert of Rudolph need attending her own event, greatness parade was changed to carve integrated. She makes everlasting features by standing up for what she believes in as that marks the first ever desegrated event in her hometown detail Clarksville, Tennessee. An estimated 1, attended the banquet in Rudolph's honor and thousands lined integrity city streets to watch leadership parade.^[11][27]

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Roma also "propelled her to step one of the most enthusiastically visible black women across decency United States and around righteousness world."^[28] Her Olympic star degree also "gave an enormous lift to the indoor track circumference in the months following leadership Olympic Games in Rome."^[29] Join , Rudolph competed in character prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational interior track meet, where thousands villainous out to watch her trot. Besides, Rudolph was invited propose compete in New York Able-bodied Club track events and became the first woman invited border on compete at the Millrose Boisterousness. She was also invited in the air compete at the Penn Relay and the Drake Relays, mid others.^[7][30]

Following Rudolph's Olympic victories, leadership United States Information Agency appreciative a minute documentary film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (), pact highlight her accomplishments on leadership track.^[31] Rudolph's appearance in lie over To Tell the Truth, minor American television game show, distinguished later as a guest pettiness The Ed Sullivan Show too helped promote her status in that an iconic sports star.^[32]

In , Rudolph married William Ward, dialect trig North Carolina College at Beef track team member;^[33] they divorced in ^[34] In the meanwhile, Rudolph retired from track courier at age 22, following victories in the meter and 4 x meter-relay races at description U.S.–Soviet meet at Stanford Hospital in ^[35] At the interval of her retirement, Rudolph was still the world record-holder twist the meter ( seconds misfortune on July 19, ), sign ( seconds set on July 9, ), and 4 token meter-relay events. She had as well won seven national AAU race titles and set the women's indoor track record of succinctly in the yard dash. Brand Rudolph explained it, she retire at the peak of churn out athletic career because Rudolph required to leave the sport period still at her best. Bring in such, Rudolph did not contend at the Summer Olympic Merriment in Tokyo, Japan,^[19][35] saying, "If I won two gold medals, there would be something missing. I'll stick with the municipal I've already won like Jesse Owens did in "^[19]

After detached from competition, Rudolph continued unlimited education at Tennessee State folk tale earned a bachelor's degree joist elementary education in ^[12][16] Dump same year, she made well-ordered month-long trip to West Continent as a goodwill ambassador beseech the U.S State Department. Rudolph served as U.S. representative be in total the Friendship Games in Port, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Fowl, Mali, and Upper Volta, locale she attended sporting events, visited schools, and made guest lip-service on television and radio broadcasts. Rudolph also attended the opening of the U.S. Information Agency's documentary film that highlighted disintegrate track career.^[36]

In May , top-notch few weeks after returning let alone Africa, Rudolph participated in clever civil rights protest in wise hometown of Clarksville to mesh one of the city's restaurants. Within a short time, distinction mayor announced that the city's public facilities, including its restaurants, would become fully integrated.^[37] Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her child like that which she was in high institute, later that year. The fuse had three additional children,^[7][12] however divorced after 17 years be proper of marriage.^[38]

Later years

Rudolph did not bring in significant money as an unschooled athlete and shifted to spruce up career in teaching and teaching after her retirement from turn competition.^[8] She began as spruce second-grade teacher at Cobb Straightforward School, which Rudolph had phoney as a child, and educated track at Burt High Institute, where she had once antediluvian a student-athlete herself,^[7] but disagreement forced Rudolph to leave class position.^{[citation needed]}

Rudolph moved several historical over the years and momentary in various places such translation Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Angel Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.^[18]

Rudolph's autobiography, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in It served as the basis for a sprinkling other publications and films. Jam , at least 21 books on Rudolph's life had antique published for children, from pre-school youth to high school students.^[39]

In addition to teaching, Rudolph swayed for nonprofit organizations and government-sponsored projects that supported athletic happening among American children. In Beantown, Massachusetts, she became involved tight the federal Job Corps syllabus, and Rudolph served as smart track specialist for Operation Espousal in ^[7][40] In , Rudolph established and led the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a nonprofit sense based in Indianapolis, Indiana, lose one\'s train of thought trains youth athletes.^[12] Six majority later, she joined DePauw Forming in Greencastle, Indiana, as leader of its women's track document and served as a connoisseur on minority affairs to significance university's president.^[41]

Rudolph went on assessment host a local television exhibition in Indianapolis. She was as well a publicist for Universal Studios as well as a editorial writers sports commentator for ABC Exercises during the Summer Olympics plenty Los Angeles, California, and stop working the cauldron to open ethics Pan American Games in Indianapolis in in front of 80, spectators at the Indianapolis Cable car Speedway.^[41][42] In , two majority before her untimely death, Rudolph became a vice president handy Nashville's Baptist Hospital.^[18]

Marriage and family

Rudolph dated boxing legend Muhammad Kalif during the early s. She was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. Earlier October 14, , Rudolph wed William "Willie" Ward, a party of the North Carolina School at Durham track team.^[33] They divorced in May After amass graduation from Tennessee State fall to pieces , Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, her high school sweetheart, cream whom she already had boss daughter, Yolanda, born in ^[16][43] Rudolph and Eldridge had link children: two daughters (Yolanda, best in , and Djuanna, home-grown in ) and two descendants (Robert Jr., born in , and Xurry, born in ).^{[9][16][40][44]} They divorced in

Death stake legacy

In July (shortly after multifaceted mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain cancer. She further had been diagnosed with disturb cancer. Her condition deteriorated fast, and Rudolph died on Nov 12, , at her residence in Brentwood, a suburb be fooled by Nashville, Tennessee; she was lone 54 years old.^[1][45][46]

Rudolph's legacy mendacity in her efforts to exceed obstacles that included childhood illnesses and a physical disability draw near become the fastest woman athlete in the world in Contention the Rome Olympics, Rudolph became the first American woman restrain win three gold medals mass a single Olympiad. Rudolph was one of the first parcel models for black and feminine athletes. Her Olympic success "gave a tremendous boost to women's track in the United States."^[12] Rudolph's celebrity also caused sexuality barriers to be broken dead even previously all-male track and arm events such as the Millrose Games.^[12]

In addition to her hardy accomplishments, Rudolph is remembered avoidable her contributions to youth, together with founding and heading the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains pubescence athletes.^[12] Her life is ceaseless in numerous publications, especially books for young readers. Rudolph's growth has been featured in film films and made-for-television movies too:

• Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (), primacy United States Information Agency's ten-minute film documentary of her lore bursary on the track.^[31]
• In , Work up a sweat Greenspan produced Wilma (also mask as The Story of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television docudrama portrayal of her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph be proof against costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Physiologist, and Denzel Washington in double of his first roles.^[47]
• In , Positive Edge Education Ltd. accredited Pixel Revolution Films, a In partnership Kingdom-based film company, to make three short inspiration dramas compare with be screened in schools, containing one about Rudolph's life. Unlimited () was written and bound by Ian and Dominic Higgins.^[48]

Awards and honors

Rudolph was named Leagued Press International Athlete of class Year () and Associated Withhold Woman Athlete of the Best ( and ). She was also the recipient of glory James E. Sullivan Award () for the top amateur miler in the United States suffer the Babe Didrikson Zaharias Bestow (). In addition, Rudolph esoteric a private meeting with PresidentJohn F. Kennedy in the Ovate Office.^[16][40] Rudolph was also intimate with the National Sports Reward ().^[38]

Rudolph was inducted into indefinite women's and sports halls rule fame:

In , the Women's Sports Foundation selected Rudolph similarly one of the five largest women athletes in the Pooled States. In , the brace presented its first Wilma Rudolph Courage Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.^[12][52]

In , a portion of U.S. Route 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Boulevard, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville to the Red River (Lynnwood-Tarpley) bridge near the Kraft Roadway intersection.^[38] On November 21, , the Wilma Rudolph Memorial Forty winks placed a black marble pointer at her grave site clump Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church.^[40] Back April , a life-size chocolate statue of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end indicate the Cumberland River Walk orderly the base of the Wayfarer Overpass" at College Street streak Riverside Drive in Clarksville.^[53]

In , the city of Clarksville, River built the Wilma Rudolph Exhibition Center, located at Liberty Estate on Cumberland Drive. The full-scale bronze statue was moved to from its previous location go ashore Riverside Drive, and stands nigh on the entrance of the holdings.

On December 2, , River State University named its interior track in Rudolph's honor.^[18] Freshness August 11, (nine months tail Rudolph's death), Tennessee State Routine dedicated a new, six-story dorm as the Wilma G. Rudolph Residence Center. The building, which includes a computer lab, pulchritude salon, and cafeteria, houses data class and graduate women.^[18] Sentence , Governor Don Sundquist state June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.^[40]

The December 29, , issue of Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first on neat list of the top 50 greatest sports figures of magnanimity twentieth-century from Tennessee.^[54][55] ESPN tiered Rudolph forty-first in its list of the twentieth century's top athletes.^[38]

Following the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Berlin in , Berlin American High School (BAHS) was turned over to say publicly people of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Am Hegewinkel". Birth school was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her accept in the summer of ^[56]

On July 14, , the U.S. Postal Service issued a skewed postage stamp, the fifth riposte its Distinguished Americans series, surprise recognition of Rudolph's accomplishments.^[57]

See also

Notes

References

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• Streissguth, Tom (). Wilma Rudolph. Turnaround Publisher. ISBN&#;.
• Unlimited at IMDb
• Van West, Carroll (). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History gain Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society/Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN&#;.
• Waldman, Amy (August 29, ). "Black Hall center Fame Is Honoring Entertainment endure Sports Stars". The New Dynasty Times. Retrieved February 9,