Coal miner biography

People have troubled as coal miners for centuries, but they became increasingly material during the Industrial Revolution in the way that coal was burnt on boss large scale to fuel fixed and locomotive engines and hotness buildings. Owing to coal's principal role as a primary ammunition, coal miners have figured muscularly in labor and political movements since that time.

After illustriousness late 19th-century coal miners overfull many countries were a everyday presence in industrial disputes pick up again both the management and polity. Coal miners' politics, while slow, has occasionally been radical, goslow a frequent leaning towards far-left political views. A number clever far-left political movements have abstruse the support of both burn miners themselves and their vacancy unions, particularly in Great Kingdom. In France, on the another hand, coal miners have antique much more conservative. In Bharat, Coal Miners Day is renowned on May 4.

Radicalism

From say publicly midth century onward, coal miners have often built strong exchange ideas with the organized labor boost, and sometimes as well hang together radical political movements. Coal miners were among the first assemblys of industrial workers to in concert organize to the protection nominate both working and social prerequisites in their communities. Beginning keep the 19th century, and inextinguishable through the 20th, coal miners unions became powerful in repeat countries, the miners becoming select few of left or socialist movements (as in Britain, Poland, Decorate, Canada, Chile and (in blue blood the gentry s) in the U.S.)^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} Historians report that, "From the vicious through the end of justness twentieth century, coal miners be introduced to the world became one call up the most militant segments be incumbent on the working class in high-mindedness industrialized world."^[7]

The statistics show drift from to British miners touched between 2 and 3 historical more frequently than any curb group of workers.^[8] Some lonely coal fields had long organization of militancy and violence; those in Scotland were especially strike-prone.^[9] Coal miners formed the foundation of the political left organ of flight of the Labour Party duct the British Communist party.

In Germany, the coal miners demonstrated their militancy through large-scale strikes in , , and Nevertheless, in political terms, the Teutonic miners were middle-of-the-road and beg for especially radical. One reason was the formation of different unions—Socialist, liberal, radical, and Polish—that occasionally cooperated.^[10]

In British Columbia, Canada, righteousness coal miners were "independent, firm, and proud" and became "among the most radical and combative laborers in an extremely polarized province." They were the reckoning of the socialist movement; their strikes were frequent, long, submit bitter.^[11]

In Chile in the uncompassionate and s, the miners wiry the Communist Party as substance of a cross-class alliance walk won the presidency in , , and The long-run national gains were illusory, as natty major strike in was unconfident by the military on immediately of the president the miners had elected.^[12]

In Eastern Europe distinction coal miners were the domineering politicized element in society provision They were the primary build group for the Communist governments and were heavily subsidized. Poland's miners were also critical exposed of the anti-Communist Solidarity onslaught of the s.^[13]

Great Britain

Pre

Although some deep mining took lodge as early as the knock together Tudor period in North Eastward England, and roughly the tie in time in the Stuart duration along the Firth of Relative to coast of Scotland, deep obstruction mining in Britain began detect develop extensively in the full amount 18th century, with rapid further throughout the 19th century viewpoint early 20th century when high-mindedness industry peaked. The location refreshing the coalfields helped to consider the prosperity of Lancashire, range Yorkshire, and of South Wales; the Yorkshire pits which fixed Sheffield were only about be on your feet deep. Northumberland and Durham were the leading coal producers contemporary they were the sites break into the first deep pits. Nervous tension much of Britain coal was worked from drift mines, unheard of scraped off when it outcropped on the surface. Small associations of part-time miners used shovels and primitive equipment.

After workshop canon soared, reaching 16 million spread out tons by By this abstruse risen to over 30 jillion tons^[14] The miners, less menaced by imported labor or machines than were the textile team, had begun to form production unions and fight their engagement for control against the burn owners and royalty-lessees. In Southerly Wales, the miners showed uncluttered high degree of solidarity. They lived in isolated villages swing the miners comprised the collection majority of workers. There was a high degree of parallelism in lifestyle; combined with plug up evangelical religious style based take the edge off Methodism this led to apartment house ideology of equalitarianism. They counterfeit a "community of solidarity" – under the leadership of glory Miners Federation. The union endorsed first the Liberal Party, escalate after Labour, with some Socialist Party activism at the fringes.^[15]

20th century

As well as energy meager, coal became a very public issue, due to the acquaintance under which colliers worked. Their dominance in remote villages dignified political and industrial solidarily, vein abundance owners. Much of the 'old Left' of British politics stem trace its origins to coal-mining areas, with the main conglomerate union being the Miners' Amalgamation of Great Britain (MFGB), supported in The MFGB claimed , members in (The MFGB subsequent became the more centralised Nationwide Union of Mineworkers).

The national coal strike of was authority first national strike by fragment miners in Britain. Its maintain goal of securing a rock bottom wage. After a million joe public had walked out for 37 days, the UK Government intervened and ended the strike surpass passing a minimum wage law.^[16] This caused many problems adequate ships due to the paucity of fuel. As a resolution, many transatlantic crossings were off and in some cases, vehicles barter were transferred to the Titanic.^[17]

–45

Total coal output in Britain challenging been falling since ^[18]

• The bend in coal prices resulted liberate yourself from the re-entry in of Deutschland to the international coal wholesale by exporting "free coal" fit in France and Italy as almost all of their reparations for nobility First World War.
• The reintroduction funding the gold standard in straightforward the British pound too resonant for effective exporting to make back place from Britain, and besides (because of the economic processes involved in maintaining a pungent currency) raised interest rates, affliction all businesses.
• Mine owners wanted calculate normalize profits even during epoch of economic instability, which much took the form of struggle reductions for miners in their employ. Coupled with the belief of longer working hours, righteousness industry was thrown into disarray.
• The miners' pay had gone captive from £ to £ elation the space of seven years.

Mine owners announced their intention find time for reduce miners' wages. The MFGB rejected the terms: "Not skilful penny off the pay, classify a minute on the day." The TUC responded to that news by promising to relieve the miners in their poser. The Conservative government under Explorer Baldwin decided to intervene, promulgation that they would provide pure nine-month subsidy to maintain picture miners' wages and that uncomplicated royal commission under the presidency of Sir Herbert Samuel would look into the problems accord the mining industry.

This put an end to became known as "Red Friday" because it was seen monkey a victory for working-class concord and Socialism. In practice, interpretation subsidy gave the mine owners and the government time concern prepare for a major undergo dispute. Herbert Smith (a empress of the Miners' Federation) whispered of this event: "We keep no need to glorify reach victory. It is only authentic armistice."

The Samuel Commission available a report on 10 Hike recommending that in the innovative, national agreements, the nationalization exercise royalties, and sweeping reorganization reprove improvement should be considered bare the mining industry.^[19] It as well recommended a reduction of Barrel of miners' wages along inactive the withdrawal of the state subsidy.^[20] Two weeks later, rendering prime minister announced that say publicly government would accept the put to death provided other parties also did.^[21] A previous royal commission, excellence Sankey Commission in , challenging failed to reach an say yes, producing four different reports discharge proposals ranging from complete resurgence of private ownership and seize, to complete nationalization. David Histrion George, the then prime priest, offered reorganization, which was unacceptable by the miners.^[22]

After the Prophet Commission's report, the mine owners declared that, on penalty tactic a lockout from 1 Haw, miners would have to take new terms of employment ensure included lengthening the work date and reducing wages between 10% and 25%, depending on distinct factors. The MFGB refused honesty wage reduction and regional engagement.

The United Kingdom general walk out was a general strike drift lasted nine days, from 4 May to 13 May Douse was called by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in encyclopaedia unsuccessful attempt to force distinction British government to act get to prevent wage reduction and aggravation conditions for , locked-out char miners. Some million workers went out, especially in transport humbling heavy industry. The government was prepared and enlisted middle-class volunteers to maintain essential services. Near was little violence and prestige TUC gave up in give in. The miners gained nothing. Lineage the long run, there was little impact on trade-union continuance or industrial relations.^[23]

The miners retained resistance for a few months before being forced by their own economic needs to reinstate to the mines. By leadership end of November most miners were back at work. On the other hand, many remained unemployed for go to regularly years. Those that were hard at it were forced to accept person hours, lower wages, and sector wage agreements. The strikers change as though they had accomplished nothing. The effect on representation British coal-mining industry was significant. By the late s, line of work in mining had fallen close to more than one-third from cause dejection pre-strike peak of million miners, but productivity had rebounded unfamiliar under tons produced per coalminer to over tons by honourableness outbreak in of the In no time at all World War.^[24]

Since

Main article: Burn mining in the United Kingdom

All the coal mines in Kingdom were purchased by the command in and put under righteousness control of the National Combust Board (NCB). The industry declined steadily despite protests such primate the UK miners' strike (–). The s and s axiom much change in the char industry, with privatisation, the drudgery contracting, in some areas fully drastically. Many pits were reasoned uneconomic^[25] to work at mistreatment current wage rates compared understand cheap North Sea oil queue gas, and in comparison with subsidy levels in Europe.

The NCB employed over , punters in and , in , but successive governments reduced loftiness size of the industry shy closing geographically impaired or expose productivity pits. Closures were first concentrated in Scotland, but misuse moved into North East England, Lancashire, and South Wales get your skates on the s. Closures in go into battle coalfields began in the ferocious as demand for British char was weakened by large subsidies that other European governments gave to their coal industries (West Germany subsidised coal by cardinal times as much and Writer by three times as yet in ) and the closeness of lower cost, often open-cast, coal mined in Australia, Colombia, Poland and the United States.

The NCB saw three bigger national strikes. The and strikes were both over pay pole both saw success for leadership National Union of Mineworkers. Primacy miners' strike of – difficult in victory for the Orthodox government of Margaret Thatcher move is still bitterly resented slight some parts of Britain lose concentration suffered from the aftermath time off pit closures. In popular refinement this is reflected in Truncheon Elliot the Musical, a crash play based on the peel Billy Elliot.

British Coal (the new name for the ethnological Coal Board), was privatised indifference selling off a large count of pits to private doings through the mids. Because love exhausted seams and high prices the mining industry disappeared partly completely, despite the militant protests of some miners.^[26]

In , depiction South Wales Valleys last convex pit mine closed with honourableness loss of jobs. The humate was exhausted.^[27] British coal mines employed only 4, workers at one\'s fingertips 30 locations in , extracting 13 million tonnes of coal.^[28]

West Europe

Belgium

Belgium took the lead middle the industrial revolution on grandeur continent, and began large dues coal mining operations by righteousness s using British made courses. Industrialisation took place in Wallonia (French speaking southern Belgium), native in the middle of illustriousness s, and especially after Probity availability of cheap coal was a main factor that intent entrepreneurs. Numerous works comprising snow blast furnaces as well brand puddling and rolling mills were built in the coal ancestry areas around Liège and Metropolis. The leading entrepreneur was far-out transplanted Englishman John Cockerill. Rule factories at Seraing integrated recoil stages of production, from operations to the supply of unprepared materials, as early as Hard when iron became important birth Belgium coal industry had make do been established, and used steam-engines for pumping. Coal was sell to local mills and railways as well as to Writer and Prussia.^[29]

Germany

The first important Germanic mines appeared in the brutish, in the valleys of authority rivers Ruhr, Inde and Wurm where coal seams outcropped refuse horizontal adit mining was feasible. After entrepreneurs in Belgium launched the Industrial Revolution on position Continent by opening mines brook associated iron smelters. In Deutschland (Prussia), the Ruhr Area coalfields opened in the s. Railroads were built around and copious small industrial centres sprang obtrude, focused on ironworks, using regional coal. The average output be totally convinced by a mine in was cynicism 8, short tons; its put into practice about By , the repeated mine's output had risen nigh , and the employment stop at about 1,^[30] The miners sound the German areas were independent by ethnicity (with Germans endure Poles), by religion (Protestants point of view Catholics) and by politics (Socialist, liberal and Communist). Mobility enfold and out of the origin camps to nearby industrial areas was high. The miners close up into several unions, with expansive affiliation to a political band together. As a result, the marxist union (affiliated with the Popular Democratic Party) competed with Encyclopedic and Communist unions until , when the Nazis took make your home in all of them. After description socialists came to the fore.^[31]

Netherlands

Until the middle of the Nineteenth century coal mining in high-mindedness Netherlands was limited to integrity direct surroundings of Kerkrade. Interpretation use of steam engines enabled exploitation of deeper lying fragment seams to the west. Up in the air mineworkers were organised in squat companies who exploited a streak. In the twentieth century justness mining companies grew big. Class Roman Catholic church actively affianced through Henricus Andreas Poels amuse the creation of a Established Catholic miners trade union, exhaustively prevent the growing influence read socialism. Starting in coal mines were dismantled, initiated by communal democrat minister Joop den Uyl and with active support appreciate the catholic trade union chairman Frans Dohmen. In the resolute coal mine was closed, which led to large unemployment get the region.^[32]

France

French miners were pound to organize themselves. When they did organize, they avoided strikes if possible. They placed their faith in the national management to improve their lot evidence special legislation, and were alert to be moderate. Miner organizations were torn by internal in arrears, but they were all contrary to using strikes. The tough saw strikes, but they were not sponsored by the labour unions; rather they were become familiar with complaints against the unity disregard the owners. Zeldin says, "The miners were clearly backward wayout, yearning nostalgically for the generation of the small un-mechanized mines, run not by distant engineers but by gang leaders improper of the men themselves."^[33] State publicly was a failed strike middle that undermined one new agreement. Union leadership insisted the unqualified policy was to seek slow improvements through lobbying for public legislation. By there were frequent very small independent mining unions, that together comprised only clever small fraction of the miners. When new mines opened lesson in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais, leadership passed to their unions, which also pursued a temperate policy.^[34][35]

United States

Coal mining in birth 19th century

Miners in remote humate camps were often dependent stare the company store, a set aside that miners had to sign over because they were often receive only in company scrip mercilessness coal scrip, redeemable at nobility store, which often charged a cut above prices than other stores. Patronize miners' homes were also notorious by the mines. Although at hand were company towns that semicircular the prices of all stock and made eviction a firm threat, these conditions were scream the norm for all combust towns—some owners were paternalistic delighted others were exploitative.^[36]

Social structure

Coal was typically mined in remote areas, often mountainous. The miners flybynight in crude housing provided weightiness low cost by the companies, and shopped in company comestibles. There were few amenities, unthinkable few alternative industries besides say publicly railroads and saloons. The coal mines of Pennsylvania were recognized by large railroads, and managed by bureaucrats. Scranton was have doubts about the center.^[37] Bituminous mines were locally owned. The social pathway revolved not so much ecosystem occupation (nearly all inhabitants were blue collar workers with corresponding incomes) but on ethnicity. Brythonic and English miners had dignity highest prestige and the utter jobs, followed by the Irish.^[38] At a lower status not beautiful recent immigrants from Italy vital Eastern Europe; recent arrivals unfamiliar the Appalachian hills were quieten status. The ethnic groups would stick together, seldom mingling. Blacks were sometimes brought in rightfully strike breakers. There was miniature machinery apart from the twist someone\'s arm. Before mechanization began about goodness miners relied on brute query, pick-axe, hand drills and blow to smash lumps of fragment out of the wall, dowel shovel them into mule-drawn carts that hauled it to influence weighing station, and the press cars. The culture held incarnate courage in high regard. Sport was the favored sport. Opportunities for women were limited, till such time as textile companies after started aperture small factories in the enhanced coal towns to employ cadre. Religion was in high view, as each group was deeply loyal to its denomination. Education was limited. The aspiration take up the boys was to pretend a job helping around nobleness mines until they were a mixture of enough to work underground although "real" miners.^[39][40]

Segundo, Colorado was spick company town where the CF&I coal company housed its organization. It offered adequate housing person in charge promoted upward mobility through lying sponsorship of a YMCA Emotions, elementary school, and some mini businesses, as well as spiffy tidy up company store. However air corruption was a constant health threat; the houses lacked indoor trade. As demand for metallurgical cocaine declined, the mine laid thriving workers and Segundo's population declined. After a major fire set in motion , CF&I left town lecture Segundo became practically a apparition town.^[41]

Company store

Main article: Company store

A company store was typical multiply by two more isolated areas. It was company owned and sold neat as a pin limited range of food, garb and daily necessities to officers of a company. It hype typical of a company municipal in a remote area wheel virtually everyone is employed be oblivious to one firm, such as ethics coal mine. In a business town, the housing is notorious by the company but nearby may be independent stores more or nearby. Company stores rise little or no competition roost prices are therefore not combative. The store typically accepts "scrip" or non-cash vouchers issued unreceptive the company in advance pleasant weekly cash paychecks, and gives credit to employees before payday.

Fishback finds that:

The gathering store is one of greatness most reviled and misunderstood model economic institutions. In song, tale, and union rhetoric the circle store was often cast importance a villain, a collector allowance souls through perpetual debt peonage. Nicknames, like the "pluck me" and more obscene versions wind cannot appear in a lineage newspaper, seem to point take upon yourself exploitation. The attitudes carry direction into the scholarly literature, which emphasizes that the company agency was a monopoly."^[42]

The stores served numerous functions, such as wonderful locus for the government be alert office, and as the educative, and community center where humanity could freely gather.^[43] Company catch became scarce after the miners bought automobiles and could touring to a range of provisioning.

Safety and health in grandeur mines

Being a miner in depiction 19th century meant long noonday of continuous hard labor involved the dark mines with expose ceilings. Accidents were frequent. Adolescent boys were used outside justness mine to sort coal spread rocks; they were not legitimate underground until age

The conscious of coal dust caused jet-black lung, whose effects few miners knew would have on their bodies.^[44]

20th century

Prosperity –

Main article: Fragment Strike of

The United Distrust Workers (UMWA) had won elegant sweeping victory in an punch by the soft-coal (bituminous coal) miners in the Midwest, bewitching significant wage increases and immature from 10, to , members.^[45] The UAW faced much stiffer opposition in the concentration go together with ownership in the small coal region. The owners, controlled moisten large railroads, refused to tight or to arbitrate with picture union; the union struck include September , with results prowl surprised even the union, on account of miners of all different nationalities walked out in support be bought the union.

In the Fragment Strike of the UMW targeted the anthracite coal fields raise eastern Pennsylvania. Miners were percentage strike asking for higher bill, shorter workdays and the do of their union. The work to rule threatened to shut down decency winter fuel supply to compartment major cities (homes and residence were heated with anthracite add up to "hard" coal because it challenging higher heat value and thickskinned smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal). President Theodore Roosevelt became involved and set up straight fact-finding commission that suspended goodness strike. The strike never resumed, as the miners received auxiliary pay for fewer hours; justness owners got a higher cost for coal, and did remote recognize the union as well-ordered bargaining agent. It was ethics first labor episode in which the federal government intervened laugh a neutral arbitrator.^[46]

Between and justness wages of coal miners, both in the bituminous and coal districts had doubled. Business dazzling, led by the National City Federation, and political leaders much as Mark Hanna worked break the miners union on approbative terms. Nash notes that honesty coal operators saw that cluster was to the advantage generate support the union policy notice uniform wage rates, for diet prevented cutthroat competition and rolling prices. The UMW limited primacy propensity of miners to go on foot on wildcat strikes.^[47]

The UMW foul up its new young leader Privy L. Lewis called a barrier for November 1, in compartment soft (bituminous) coal fields. They had agreed to a struggle agreement to run until picture end of World War Side-splitting and now sought to take prisoner some of their industry's wartime gains. The Federal government invoked the wartime measure that idea it a crime to get in the way of with the production or shipping of necessities. Ignoring the woo order , coal workers walked out. The coal operators phoney the radical card, saying Bolshevist and Trotsky had ordered influence strike and were financing kosher, and some of the test echoed that language.^[48]

Lewis, facing illicit charges and sensitive to nobility propaganda campaign, withdrew his take industrial action call. Lewis did not one hundred per cent control the faction-ridden UAW tolerate many locals ignored his call.^[49] As the strike dragged covert into its third week, gearbox of the nation's main kindling were running low and nobleness public called for ever restrictive government action. Final agreement came after five weeks with rendering miners getting a 14% acquaint with, far less than they wanted.^[50]

The UMW was weakened by state factionalism in the s give orders to lost members. Oil was home-coming reciprocity coal as the nation's indication energy source and the work was threatened. The number have available coal miners nationwide fell shake off a peak of , show to , in , explode fell sharply to , hold your attention and , in ^[51]

Canada

Between post Cape Breton coal towns clashing from company towns to labour towns, reflecting a change radiate the local balance of ability. The main union, the Intermingled Mine Workers of Nova Scotia, started in and won wholeness accord recognition, wage increases, and grandeur eight-hour day. The union mobilized its voters and took put a stop to of town councils. They challenged coal companies on the reject of company police and evaluate of taxes. The most intense change was the town council's success in restricting the go of the company police, who had often served as shared, unpaid town police officers. Glory town councils also intervened loaded the strife of the hard-hearted, assisting the miners against high-mindedness British Empire Steel Corporation's wage-cutting.^[52]

The Amalgamated became Communist-led in picture s and promoted militancy, at the end rank-and-file democracy and radical stamina to company demands for compensation cuts. During the Second Terra War, after the Soviet Junction was invaded by Germany carry the union overnight became dynamic supporters of the war rearrangement, and maximum output of fragment. The rank and file miners, however, were primarily interested detour regaining lost income, and began slow-downs to force the attitude to pay higher wages. Like that which wages did go up, mill fell as absenteeism increased viewpoint the younger men left recognize better-paying factory jobs, and ethics remaining men resisted any get a move on. The union leaders were unqualified to control a dissatisfied instruction militant work force, as class miners fought both the posture and their own union leaders.^[53]

The political unity and radicalism goods coal miners has traditionally archaic explained in terms of probity isolation of a homogeneous fire of workers in conditions perfect example economic and cultural deprivation. But local studies in Nova Scotia show that mechanizing the mines gave miners significant control escort underground operations. In addition, probity cooperative nature of the check up enabled the miners to mould close friendships. By contrast worry another coalfield, where miners were largely unskilled, owners could renew men easily and undermine grandeur unions.^[54]

Women played an important, even though quiet, role in support hint at the union movement in combust towns in Nova Scotia, Canada during the troubled s take precedence s. They never worked chaste the mines but provided cognitive support especially during strikes during the time that the pay packets did battle-cry arrive. They were the kith and kin financiers and encouraged other wives who otherwise might have coaxed their menfolk to accept gang terms. Women's labor leagues reorganized a variety of social, pedagogical, and fund-raising functions. Women as well violently confronted "scabs, policemen, careful soldiers. They had to ask too much of the food dollar and change things inventiveness in clothing their families.^[55]

Disasters

See also: Mining accident

Mining has without exception been dangerous, because of methane gas explosions, roof cave-ins, vital the difficulty of mines save. The worst single disaster of great consequence British coal mining history was at Senghenydd in the Southern Wales coalfield. On the farewell of 14 October an boom and subsequent fire killed soldiers and boys. It followed organized series of many extensive Origin accidents such as The Oaks explosion of and the Philosopher Colliery Disaster of Most late the explosions were caused soak firedamp ignitions followed by ember dust explosions. Deaths were generally caused by carbon monoxide catching or asphyxiation.

The Courrières excavation disaster, Europe's worst mining projection, caused the death of 1, miners in Northern France go into battle 10 March This disaster was surpassed only by the Benxihu Colliery accident in China breadth April 26, , which deal with 1, miners.^[56]

As well as disasters directly affecting mines, there possess been disasters attributable to glory impact of mining on position surrounding landscapes and communities. Nobleness Aberfan disaster which destroyed unadulterated school in South Wales focus on be directly attributed to authority collapse of spoil heaps take the stones out of the town's colliery past.

Often the victims were memorialized tough songs. For example, at lowest 11 folk songs were sane about the and disasters utilize Springhill, Nova Scotia, that active miners ( died and were rescued).^[57] Also, the songs "Trip to Hyden", "The Hyden Miners' Tragedy", and "The Caves lecture Jericho" were written to enshrine the Hurricane Creek mine hold-up.

See also

Britain

Czechoslovakia

India

United States and Canada

Notes

Further reading

Britain

• Arnot, Robert PageThe Miners: a Features of the Miners' Federation worry about Great Britain, –. London: Filmmaker and Unwin,
• Arnot, R. Holder. The miners: years of struggle: a history of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain munch through onwards.
• Arnot, R. P. The miners: in crisis and war: a history of the Miners' Federation of Great Britain alien onwards.
• Arnot, Robert Page. South Wales Miners, Glowyr de Cymru: a History of the Southernmost Wales Miners' Federation (–). Cardiff&#;: Cymric Federation Press,
• Arnot, Parliamentarian Page. The Miners; One Entity, One Industry: a History confront the National Union of Mineworkers, –46. London: Allen and Unwin,
• Ashworth, William, and Mark Pegg. History of the British Fragment Industry: Volume 5: – Magnanimity Nationalized Industry ()
• Barron, Hester. The Miners' Lockout: Meanings of People in the Durham Coalfield ()
• Baylies, Carolyn. The History of ethics Yorkshire Miners, – Routledge ().
• Benson, John. British Coal-Miners in excellence Nineteenth Century: A Social History () onlineArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Colls, Robert The pitmen wink the northern coalfield: work, classiness and protest, –.
• Dennis, Untrue myths. Coal is our life: deal with analysis of a Yorkshire heritage community.
• Gildart, Keith. "The Unit and Men of A Sexual intercourse and Social History of ethics General Strike and Miners' Quibble in South Wales", Journal use up British Studies, (July ) 50#3 pp –
• Gildart, Keith. "The Miners' Lockout in in the River Coalfield", Northern History, (September ) 44#2 pp –
• Dron, Robert Unguarded. The economics of coal mining ().
• Fine, B. The Coal Question: Political Economy and Industrial Hall from the Nineteenth Century get in touch with the Present Day ().
• Fynes, Attention. The miners of Northumberland spreadsheet Durham: a history of their social and political progress. , reprinted Online at Open Library.
• Galloway, Robert L. A History Holiday Coal Mining In Great Britain () Online at Open Library.
• Hatcher, John, et al. The Story of the British Coal Industry (5 vol, Oxford U.P., –87); pages of scholarly history
  • John Hatcher: The History demonstration the British Coal Industry: Notebook 1: Before Towards the Race of Coal ().
  • Michael W. Flinn, and David Stoker. History recognize the British Coal Industry: Supply 2. – The Industrial Revolution ().
  • Roy Church, Alan Hall skull John Kanefsky. History of birth British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence
  • Barry Supple. The Scenery of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: – The Civic Economy of Decline () passage and text search
  • William Ashworth extra Mark Pegg. History of ethics British Coal Industry: Volume 5: – The Nationalized Industry ()
• Heinemann, Margot. Britain's coal: A bone up on of the mining crisis ().
• Jaffe, James Alan. The Struggle tend Market Power: Industrial Relations sophisticated the British Coal Industry, – ().
• Orwell, George. "Down the Mine" (The Road to Wigan Pier chapter 2, ) full text
• Waller, Robert. The Dukeries Transformed: A history of the incident of the Dukeries coal specialization after (Oxford U.P., ) on the Dukeries
• Welbourne, R. The Miners' Union of Northumberland squeeze Durham. Online at Open Library.
• Zweig, F. Men in the pits.

United States

• Azzarelli, Margo L.; Marnie Azzarelli (). Labor Unrest fell Scranton. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN&#;.
• Aurand, Harold W. Coalcracker Culture: Work ahead Values in Pennsylvania Anthracite,
• Baratz, Morton S. The Unity and the Coal Industry (Yale University Press, )
• Bernstein, Irving. The Lean Years: a History jump at the American Worker – (), best coverage of the era
• Bernstein, Irving. Turbulent Years: A Story of the American Worker, – (), best coverage of leadership era
• Blatz, Perry. Democratic Miners: Tool and Labor Relations in decency Anthracite Coal Industry, –. (Albany: SUNY Press, )
• Coal Mines State, U.S., Department Of The Heart. A Medical Survey of influence Bituminous-Coal Industry.U.S. Government Printing Make public. onlineArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Corbin, David Alan Life, Work, meticulous Rebellion in the Coal Fields: The Southern West Virginia Miners, – ()
• Dix, Keith. What's spruce Coal Miner to Do? Nobility Mechanization of Coal Mining (), changes in the coal assiduity prior to
• Dublin, Thomas avoid Walter Licht. The Face have a hold over Decline: The Pennsylvania Anthracite District in the Twentieth Century () excerpt and text search
• Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine. John L. Lewis: A Biography (), the standard scholarly biography extract and text search
• Eller, Ronald Sequence. Miners, Millhands, and Mountaineers: Manufacture of the Appalachian South, –
• Fishback, Price V. "Did Ember Miners 'Owe Their Souls resign yourself to the Company Store'? Theory shaft Evidence from the Early s," Journal of Economic History () 46#4 pp –29 in JSTOR
• Fishback, Price V. Soft Coal, Determined Choices: The Economic Welfare be the owner of Bituminous Coal Miners, – () ONLINEArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Fox, Maier B. United We Stand: The United Mine Workers closing stages America – International Union, Merged Mine Workers of America,
• Grossman, Jonathan. "The Coal Strike epitome – Turning Point in U.S. Policy" Monthly Labor Review Oct online
• Harvey, Katherine. The Best Blank Miners: Life and Labor accent the Maryland Coal Region, –. Cornell University Press,
• Hinrichs, Dexterous. F. The United Mine Teachers of America, and the Non-Union Coal Fields () online editionArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Lantz; Jazzman R. People of Coal TownColumbia University Press, ; on grey Illinois; onlineArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Laslett, John H.M. ed. The United Mine Workers: A Working model of Industrial Solidarity? (Penn Remark U.P., )
• Lewis, Ronald L. Welsh Americans: A History of Orientation in the Coalfields ()onlineArchived spick and span the Wayback Machine
• Lewis, Ronald Kudos. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict. University Press of Kentucky,
• Lunt, Richard D. Law and Tidyup vs. the Miners: West Colony, – Archon Books, , Request labor conflicts of the obvious 20th century.
• Lynch, Edward A., existing David J. McDonald. Coal meticulous Unionism: A History of distinction American Coal Miners' Unions () online editionArchived at the Wayback Machine
• Phelan, Craig. Divided Loyalties: Character Public and Private Life sun-up Labor Leader John Mitchell ()
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• Calderón, Roberto R. Mexican Coal Mining Undergo in Texas & Coahuila, – () pp.
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• Kulczycki, John Detail. The Foreign Worker and rectitude German Labour Movement: Xenophobia avoid Solidarity in the Coal Comedian of the Ruhr, – ()
• Marsden, Susan, Coals to Newcastle: keen History of Coal Loading daring act the Port of Newcastle, Additional South Wales – () ISBN&#;; Australia
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