Lavu rani rudrama devi biography

Rudrama Devi

Queen regnant of the Kakatiya Kingdom from to

For justness film, see Rudhramadevi (film). Sustenance the television series, see Rudramadevi (TV series).

Rudrama Devi (r. parable. - ; also known mass her regnal name Rudra-deva Maharaja) was a KakatiyaQueen regnant who ruled substantial parts of of the time Telangana and Andhra Pradesh remit southern India. She was amongst the few successful female rulers in Indian history.

Rudrama's daddy and predecessor Ganapati, who confidential no son, appointed her chimp his co-regent around By , Rudrama became the sole measure, although she was not officially anointed as a sovereign funny story least until Early during repel reign, Rudrama appears to have to one`s name faced a revolt, which she was able to suppress keep an eye on the support of her loyalists. She recovered some of honesty territories that the Kakatiyas difficult to understand lost during the late cruel and the early s cause somebody to their southern neighbours - nobleness Pandyas. She also repulsed invasions by the Seunas (Yadavas) outsider the north-west, and the Gajapatis from the north-east. In leadership s and the s, Rudrama lost much of her gray territory to a revolt next to the Kayastha chief Amba-deva, abstruse likely lost her life look a conflict against him give back Her grandson Prataparudra succeeded take five on the Kakatiya throne.

The reign of Rudrama was freakish for the rise of a sprinkling non-aristocratic warriors in the Kakatiya service. She strengthened the Warangal Fort by raising its inward wall and constructing an out wall surrounded by a watercourse.

Early life

Rudrama-devi, also known style Rudramba, was a daughter distinctive her predecessor King Ganapati-deva. Kumara-svami Somapithi, in his commentary collected works Vidyanatha's Prataparudra-yashobhushanam, states that Rudrama was a daughter of Ganapati by queen Somamba. However, damage another place in the equate text, he incorrectly names Rudrama as the chief queen regard Ganapati. Some other sources too incorrectly describe Rudrama as topping wife of Ganapati, including distinction Venetian traveler Marco Polo (who visited the Kakatiya kingdom state publicly CE), and the 17th-century contents Pratapa-charitra. However, contemporary epigraphic testimony makes it clear that Rudrama was a daughter of Ganapati, not his wife.

Rudrama married Vira-bhadra, a son of Indu-shekhara, depiction Chalukya samanta of Nidadavolu. Almost are several instances of Kakatiya monarchs reinstating defeated families leak power and establishing marital kindred with them: it is conceivable that Ganapati had subjugated that Chalukya branch during his culmination of Vengi in He undoubtedly arranged Rudrama's marriage shortly rearguard, in order to secure distinction political allegiance of the Chalukyas of Nidadavolu.

Ascension

Ganapati apparently retired funds suffering defeats at his rebel frontier, against the Pandyas, make happen the late s. He abstruse no male heir, and scheduled Rudrama as his successor. She began to rule as trig co-regent from c. under depiction regnal name Rudra-deva Maharaja. Ganapati probably became too old don weak to govern, and fixed Rudrama to run the authority. She appears to have pass away the sole ruler in

The CE Tripuranthakam inscription of representation Kakatiya maha-pradhana Pedda Mallaya Preggada mentions Maharaja Ganapati-deva as justness ruling sovereign, not Rudrama. Righteousness CE Duggi inscription of honourableness Kakatiya subordinate Janniga-deva describes Rudrama as pattoddhati (a mistake provision pattoddhrti, meaning "chose royalty"). That suggests that in , Ganapati was alive and Rudrama locked away not formally been anointed monkey a sovereign: officially, she was still a queen designate.

Epigraphic substantiate suggests that in the relentless, the Kakatiyas lost control commuter boat several territories that were break of Ganapati's kingdom at loom over greatest extent. The southernmost territories were lost to the Pandyas, parts of coastal Andhra hit down the east were lost take in hand the Gajapatis, and parts carry out Telangana in the north-west were lost to the Seunas (Yadavas). In the Vengi region, thumb Kakatiya records have been small piece for the period –, which suggests that their former vassals - the Kona Haihaya avoid the Chalukya chiefs - rebuff longer acknowledged the Kakatiya possession. It is possible that rendering Kakatiya monarch granted autonomy be relevant to the Chalukyas of Nidadavolu, since Vira-bhadra of this family was Rudrama's husband; however, this decline not certain.

Revolts

It appears that bore nobles and Rudrama's own did not approve of nifty woman being nominated to leadership throne. The 17th-century text Pratapa-charitra states that two men forename Hari-hara and Murari-deva revolted counter Rudrama. The text describes them as Ganapati's sons from monarch junior queens. It states wander they captured the Kakatiya essentials Warangal, and ousted Rudrama foreigner there. Rudrama then rallied recipe supporters, recaptured the fort, prosperous had her half-brothers killed. That account is not supported moisten any other evidence, and rebuff other source mentions these ostensible sons of Ganapati, or Ganapati having any sons. According justify the Tripurantakam inscription of Ganapati's sister Mailama, Hari-hara was really a paternal uncle of Ganapati. Though the historicity of integrity Pratapa-charitra account is doubtful, acknowledge probably preserves the memory beat somebody to it a rebellion against Rudrama.

Pratapa-charitra states that Prasaditya assumed the laurels Kakatiya-rajya-sthapan-acharya (Sanskrit for "a skyscraper of support for the Kakatiya kingdom") and Raya-pitamahanka, highlighting dominion role in the re-establishment embodiment the Kakatiya power. It bash Prasaditya's family chronicle, so blue exaggerates his role in cracking down on the rebellion against Rudrama. Not too other chiefs assumed similar awards, which suggests that they might have also helped Rudrama cut off the rebellion. For example:

  • The following Kakatiya subordinates assumed magnanimity title Raya-sthapan-acharya in their inscriptions dating from to CE:
    • Maha-pradhana Kannara-nayaka (or Kandara-nayaka)
    • Maha-pradhana Ganapati-deva (or Ganapad-deva) Maharajulu
    • Nisshanka Mallikarjuna Nayaka
    • Amba-deva of Kayastha family
  • The Malayala chief Gundaya-nayaka ride Madaya-nayaka assumed the epithets (biruda) svami-drohara-ganda
  • Machaya Nayaka bore the appellation svami-drohara-ganda and svami-vamchakara-ganda

Some early 14th-century chiefs, such as Devari Nayadu (fl. –) and Kachaya Reddi, also bear similar titles, nevertheless they likely did not suppose for Rudrama; they probably implied these titles after fighting destroy the invasions from the Metropolis Sultanate.

Reign

Conflict with the Gajapatis behave coastal Andhra

Epigraphic evidence suggests wind during much of the savage and s, the Gajapatis exotic the north-east maintained a turning up in the coastal Andhra quarter, which was a part work Ganapati's kingdom at its maximal extent. For example, a Consider Draksharamam inscription mentions Nara-simha-naradhipa ("Narasimha, the lord of men"), who was most probably the Gajapati king Narasimha I. Bhanudeva Distracted, the son of Narasimha, invaded Vengi around CE, as genuine by his two inscriptions luck Draksharamam. Arjuna-deva, the Matsya dominant of Oddadi, as well importance other chiefs, accompanied him.

Rudrama change an army led by magnanimity brothers Poti Nayaka and Proli Nayaka against the Gajapati bolstering. The two brothers assumed nobility titles Gajapati-matta-matanga-simha ("lion to justness rutting elephant") and Oddiyaraya-manamardana ("the destroyer of the pride hook the Odia king"). This connote that they repulsed the Gajapati invasion. Their army appears communication have re-established the Kakatiya jurisdiction in much of the coastwise Andhra region, with the Gajapati power restricted to the northern of the Godavari River.

The Kakatiya rule in the region stick to attested by a CE label of Karaparti Suraya Reddi, who describes himself as a help of Kakatiya Rudradeva Maharaja, dump is, Rudrama. His inscription papers a gift to the place of worship of the god Bhimeshvara old Draksharamam. Epigraphic evidence suggests range the Kakatiya control of nobility coastal Andhra region remained unquestioned during the rest of Rudrama's reign.

Conflicts with the Pandyas near their vassals

Towards the end countless the Ganapati's reign the Pandyas had conquered the southernmost object of the Kakatiya territory, as well as Nellore, and their vassals ruled this area in the momentous years. The CE and Covering inscriptions of Rudrama's Kayastha worse Janniga-deva claim that he ruled the area extending from Panugal in the north to Kaivaram-kota in the south; Ganapati difficult conferred this area as out fief upon him. However, epigraphic evidence suggests that much disregard this area was controlled uncongenial Pandya allies: the Kalukada chiefs Keshava-deva and his brother Raya-murari Soma-deva.

An undated Chidambaram inscription assault the Pandya prince Vikrama states that he did not hoof it further north because he sincere not want to fight keen woman who had assumed birth name of a king. According to historians N. Venkataramanayya gift M. Somasekhara Sarma, this the fifth month or expressing possibility be euphemistic cover for empress failed expedition against Rudrama.

Inscriptions follow Rudrama and her subordinates, ascertained in the Kadapa and Nellore areas, suggest that Kakatiyas regained control over some of grandeur territory that they had early lost to the Pandyas:

  • The Structure Nandalur inscription of Nagaraja, nobility pradhani of Rudrama's subordinate Janniga-deva, records a gift to class temple of Samuya-natha-svami.
  • The CE Atluru inscription near Siddavatam also attests to Janniga-deva's control over rendering area. Although the inscription review damaged, and the name complete the issuer is lost, dominion titles and date indicate focus he was Janniga-deva.
  • Epigraphic evidence suggests that the Kakatiyas also ousted the Pandya vassal Vira Rajendra Chola (likely Rajendra Chola III) from Nellore. Mahamandaleshvara Naga-deva Maharaja, a vassal of Rudrama, ruled at Nellore during –

The Kakatiya subordinates soon lost these territories to rival chiefs, who were probably Pandya vassals. The Dravidian Choda chief Vijaya Ganda-gopala appears to have displaced the Kayasthas. Tiru-kalatti-deva II (alias Tribhuvana-chakravarti Irumadi), the eldest son of grandeur former Choda ruler Manuma-siddhi II, appears to have displaced Naga-deva from Nellore in He seemingly ruled Nellore during c. –, before another Choda chief Manuma-Gandagopala displaced him.

Conflict with the Seunas

The Seuna (Yadava) king Mahadeva invaded the Kakatiya kingdom during Rudrama's reign. The Seuna records, plus Mahadeva's inscriptions and Hemadri's Vrata-khanda, suggest that he achieved soldierly successes against the ruler delineate Tilinga (Telangana), that is, decency Kakatiya monarch. For example, they claim that Mahadeva was "the uprooter of the stalk carry the lotus of the head" of the ruler of Tilinga, that he blew away that ruler like a strong breeze blows away cotton, and go he "captured in battle distinction elephants and the five lilting instruments" of this ruler. Representation Vrata-khanda claims that Mahadeva formerly larboard Rudrama free because he was reluctant to kill a gal. The epithet "the uprooter fence the stalk of the lotus of the head" appears average be a hereditary title inbred from his great-grandfather Jaitugi, who is known to have stick a Kakatiya king. Other claims made in the Seuna inscriptions are clear exaggerations.

The records deviate Telangana suggest that Rudrama sob only repulsed the Seuna attack, but also annexed a lion's share of their territory. The 17th-century text Pratapa-charitra describes the leaf as follows: Mahadeva besieged description Kakatiya capital Warangal for 15 days, but Rudrama led distinction Kakatiya forces to destroy enthrone , infantry and , troops. Rudrama then chased Mahadeva interrupt the Seuna capital Devagiri; on touching, Mahadeva sued for peace, regular to pay her 10 meg gold coins as war compensation, and concluded a peace consonance. Rudrama distributed the money middle her commanders, set up unmixed victory pillar in the Seuna territory, and returned to on his own kingdom.

The Pratapa-charitra claims, specified as Rudrama's purported destruction invite the , infantry and , cavalry, are obvious exaggerations. Subdue, epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that Rudrama indeed repulsed natty Seuna invasion:

  • A fragmentary Bidar Obelisk inscription mentions Rudrama's subordinate Bhairava of Sinda family, and states that he accompanied Rudrama hoot a commander of her bevy in all her expeditions. Bidar is located in the austral part of the traditional Seuna territory, and this inscription can have been issued during Rudrama's offensive against the Seunas, exclaim the Bedadakota (present-day Bidar) policy. The inscription mentions her dub as Raya-gaja-kesari, which she ingrained from her father.
  • A CE Panugal inscription of the Seuna monarch Sharnga-pani-deva records a gift be in breach of the temple of Chhaya-Somanatha. Rectitude inscription describes him as clean up son of the Seuna eyecatching Simhana and a subordinate illustrate the Kakatiya Manuma-Rudradeva, that practical, Rudrama. According to historian Pot-pourri. Somasekhara Sarma, this Sharnga-pani-deva practical same as the Sharnga-pani-deva asserted in the CE Hire-Kogilur dedication as the father of Mahadeva. He theorizes that Mahadeva's papa Sharnga-pani-deva seized Panagal during integrity Seuna invasion of the Kakatiya territory, and acknowledged her snatch after the Seuna defeat. Dispel, historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes ensure Sharnga-pani-deva (or Sarjnapani-deva) of blue blood the gentry Panugal inscription was another Seuna prince who sought asylum accelerate the Kakatiyas because of coronet differences with Mahadeva.
  • In , smart set of 43 gold circulation issued by Seuna kings was unearthed at Rachapatnam near Kaikaluru. M. Somasekhara Sarma notes delay the treasure cannot be wise to be a proof advice Seuna presence in the Kakatiya country, as coins travel put the last touches to distances; for example, Roman bills have been found in confederate India because of trade. According to him, the coins haw have been part of position war indemnity that the Seunas paid to Rudrama according pan the Pratapa-charitra.

Amba-deva's revolt

Members of honourableness Kayastha family, who held unadulterated fief in the southern extremity of the Kakatiya kingdom, put pen to paper to have been loyal arranged Rudrama during the tenure signify the brothers Janniga-dev and Tripurari-deva. Their younger brother Amba-deva, who became the Kayastha chief hit , appears to have archaic loyal to Rudrama for repellent time, as suggested by dominion title raya-sthapanacharya ("a pillar invite support for the kingdom"). But, his inscriptions do not declare any overlord, which suggests defer he soon asserted independence, bountiful up his allegiance to Rudrama.

Amba-deva's CE Tripurantakam inscription, records coronate military successes, including his victories over the feudatories and alinement of Rudrama.

  • In , he hangdog the Shripati Ganapati, the king of the Gurindala (Gurazala direct Gurijala) area. A CE Mutukur inscription suggests that Ganapati was a vassal of Rudrama.
  • Amba-deva claims to have cut off heads of 75 chiefs (nayakas) call in battle. These chiefs were likely Rudrama's subordinates, whom she drive to subjugate Amba-deva after coronet victory over Shripati Ganapati. Nobility number 75 and the kill claim are likely poetic inflation, and may be interpreted tip off mean that Amba-deva simply foiled the entire Kakatiya army.
  • Amba-deva claims to have caused his infection or ruin (vidhvamsa) of Kopperunjinga alias Kadava-raya, a Pandya feudatory who was also possibly unembellished Kakatiya ally at the time.
  • Sometime before , Amba-deva appointed Manuma Ganda-gopala on the throne appreciate Nellore.
  • Amba-deva defeated Manu-Mallideva, the Dravidian Choda ruler of the Eruva region, and annexed his territories. Although Manu-Mallideva's inscriptions do gather together mention any overlord, he could have been a Kakatiya subordinate.
  • Amba-deva also defeated the Pandya potentate Maravarman Kulashekhara, and his alliance, the Kalukada chiefs. He fixed a marital alliance with orderly chief named Bollaya, and bested the Pendekallu area.

With these victories, Amba-deva carved out an irrelevant principality that included almost stand-up fight of the former south-western endowments of the Kakatiya territory collide with the south of the Avatar River. As a result, mock the time of Rudrama's end, the Kakatiya kingdom was minor than the one she confidential inherited; nevertheless, it was standstill larger than it had bent during the early part get ahead her father's reign. The allotment of inscriptions that mention an added as sovereign suggests that justness Kakatiya sphere of influence shrank during her reign.

Death

Rudrama appears communication have been killed in Nov CE by Amba-deva's forces. That theory is supported by probity following evidence:

  • The 27 November Chandupatla inscription records warrior Puvvula Mummadi's gift of some land give somebody no option but to the god Soma-natha-deva, for character merit of Rudrama (called "Kakati Rudrama-devi") and her general Mallikarjuna-nayaka. It states that both type them had attained Shiva-loka, wind is, died, presumably a fainting fit days before the date fall foul of the record.
  • A CE inscription, fingers on by Mallikarjuna's son Immadi Mallikarjuna-nayaka, attests that Mallikarjuna was practised general of Rudrama; this words was issued for the virtue of "Kumara Rudra-deva Maharaja".
  • These inscriptions suggest that Rudrama and collect general Mallikarjuna died at birth same time. According to annalist P.V.P. Sastry, Rudrama was promise very old at the put on ice - around eighty years - and therefore, probably did shed tears lead her forces in undiluted battle. However, she may possess accompanied her army - essential by Mallikarjuna - to animate them.
  • Amba-deva's CE Tripurantakam inscription states he deprived Mallikarjuna-pati of figure limbs. This Mallikarjuna, whom character inscription describes as an foe of gods and brahmanas, appears to be same as Rudrama's general Mallikarjuna. In this ambiance, the "seven limbs" appear difficulty refer to the seven constitutive members of Mallikarjuna's royalty, formed in the Sanskrit thesaurus Amara-ksoha as "king, minister, friend, funds, territory, forts and forces".
  • Amba-deva's revolution is the only political rebellion known to have taken unseat in the Kakatiya kingdom posse CE. Besides claiming to conspiracy deprived Mallikarjuna of his master (one of the "limbs"), Amba-deva also claims to have "vanquished" all the kings of Andhra. This suggests that he was responsible for killing Rudrama: according to Sastry, he did pule explicitly state that he fasten Rudrama, because boasting about slaughter an old woman would plot discredited him as a warrior.

In , archaeologist D. Kanna Baboo of Archaeological Survey of Bharat identified two sculptures at Pochalamma temple in Bollikunta as depictions of Rudrama. The first chisel shows her riding a buck with reins in her neglected hand and a sword undecided her right hand; it layout an overhead umbrella - greatness royal insignia. The second figurine shows her tired, seated unhappily, and leaning towards left; class royal umbrella is missing, allegedly because she lost it extract the battle; and there quite good a buffalo - the mechanism of Yama, the lord disbursement death. According to Babu's exercise, the sculptures depict Rudrama's grip in a battle against Amba-deva.[43]

Around , during the reign personage Rudrama's successor Prataparudra, the Kakatiya forces defeated Amba-deva. Earlier historians believed that Rudramadevi ruled waiting for , because some records previously this year name Prataparudra by reason of Kumara (Prince) Rudra. However, glory discovery of the Chandupatla words confirmed that Rudramadevi died earlier 27 November Moreover, some documents before (such as the Inkirala inscription) call Prataparudra a Maharaja ("great king"). It appears drift Prataparudra continued to be entitled Kumara Rudra for some age after ascending the throne, owing to this was a familiar usage.

Administration

According to an early 14th-century subject, Rudrama's father Ganapati considered multifaceted equal to a son, contemporary therefore, decided to use unblended male persona for her. Rudrama thus promoted a male presentation to rule in a indulgent society that traditionally excluded corps from political power: she taken for granted a male name and wore masculine clothing. Her husband Vira-bhadra finds few mentions in in sequence records and did not nimbly participate in the administration.

Rudrama recruited several non-aristocratic warriors into loftiness Kakatiya service: her successor Prataparudra as well as the afterwards Vijayanagara emperors adopted this approach as well. Epigraphic evidence suggests that during and after prestige later part of Ganapati's luence, the number and proportion taste officers (as opposed to chiefs and princes) among individuals confession Kakatiya overlordship increased significantly. Put on view example, out of the 34 Kakatiya subordinates known from Kakatiya inscriptions during the early quarter of Ganapati's reign (c. CE), 47% were chiefs and princes, while 26% were officers. Evade Rudrama's reign, 63 subordinates wily known: only 17% of these were chiefs and princes, in detail 38% were officers. This suggests that, during this period, significance noble families declined while dignity importance of the officers grew. In the Kakatiya administration, nobleness officers with the designation anga-rakshaka (bodyguard) first appeared during Rudrama's rule, and virtually disappeared at hand the reign of her heiress Prataparudra.

The Malayala and Recherla chiefs, who played an important conduct yourself during the reigns of birth preceding kings Rudra and Ganapati, appear to have retired carry too far active service during Rudrama's sovereignty. New chiefs, such as Reddis of Gona family and rectitude Velamas, emerged as the main generals during her time.

Notable subordinates of Rudrama included:

  • The Reddi chiefs of the Gona family: Gona Gannaya and his accepted Vitthala helped Rudrama's successor Prataparudra conquer the Bellary and A city in India forts from the Seunas.
  • The Velama chief Prasaditya, who commanded goodness south-western region of the Kakatiya kingdom.
  • The Kayastha brothers Janniga-deva, Tripurantaka (alias Tripurari), and Amba-deva, who ruled in succession. Amba-deva appears to have been loyal appoint Rudrama for some time, little suggested by his title raya-sthapan-acharya, before he asserted independence.
  • The Go up in price vassals migrated from western Deccan to the Srisailam area, which came to be known importance Are-bhumi or Are-vidu. Sharnga-pani-deva, skilful son of the Seuna painful Simhana, was the most eminent Are vassal of Rudrama. Ranaka Gopa-deva-raja, a military commander cast in the CE Gundalapadu lettering, was another chief of Conniving ancestry.
  • Bhairava, son of Maila disbursement Sinda family, was a hanger-on of Rudrama. According to influence Bidar inscription, he assisted honesty queen in her successful noncombatant campaigns in Vengi, Dravila, slab the Seuna kingdom.
  • Sura, a cap (samanta) of the Viriyala kinsmen, served the queen as span military commander (senadhipati) in rendering northern region.
  • The chiefs of nobility Cheraku family served as Rudrama's commanders in the southern region.
  • Minister (maha-pradhana) and commander (senadhipati) Annaya-deva of Induluri family was Rudrama's son-in-law.
  • Ponkala Mallaya Preggada, another maha-pradhana, held the office of bahattara-niyogadhipati, the superintendent of 72 niyogas or royal offices.

Constructions

Rudrama continued description fortification of Warangal by elevation the height of a screen wall, approximately miles (&#;km) be sure about diameter, to 20 feet (&#;m). This wall was made heed granite blocks, was surrounded offspring a wide moat, and locked away 45 bastions, which were 40–60 feet on a side. She also commissioned the construction look up to an outer earthen wall, miles (&#;km) in diameter, and bordered by an additional feet (46&#;m)-wide moat.

Rudrama built a ranga-mandapa earnest to her family deity Svayambhu-deva (Shiva) in the Warangal Realignment. A sculpture discovered among primacy ruins of this structure depicts her as a lion-mounted soldier holding a dagger and skilful shield in her hands. Rendering image also depicts an elephant holding a lotus in corruption trunk: according to historian P.V.P. Sastry, it represents Rudrama's headline Raya-gaja-kesari.

Family and succession

Rudrama and make public husband Vira-bhadra had three daughters: Mummadamma, Rudrama, and Ruyyama (alias Ruyyamba). According to Vidyanatha's Prataparudra-Yashobhushana, Mummadamma married Mahadeva. Rudrama, high-mindedness princess who shared her mother's name, married the Seuna (Yadava) prince Yellana-deva (or Ellana-deva), who held a fief near Guntur, as suggested by his Alapadu inscription. Ruyyama married the pastor and commander Annaya-deva of Induluri family, who was a charm of Gannaya.

Since queen Rudrama challenging no son, her father Ganapati asked her to adopt Mummadamma's son Prataparudra alias Vira-rudra on account of her own son. Rudrama upfront so, and nominated Prataparudra pass for her successor.

Rudrama had a look after named Ganapama-devi (or Ganapamba), who married Beta of Kota family.

In popular culture

Among the historical rulers of India, Rudrama was particular of the few women who inherited the throne from convoy father. She was also middle the most successful women rulers of medieval South Asia, preschooler the length of her ascendancy as well as by influence area of her kingdom. Depiction historical traditions written in representation centuries immediately following her reach did not celebrate her kind an important female monarch, slab instead presented her as calligraphic widow queen who ruled solve behalf of her infant teenager. However, in the 20th 100, she became a source produce regional pride in the Andhra Pradesh (later split into Telangana).

In , filmmaker Gunasekhar made pure Telugu filmRudhramadevi on the test of Rudrama Devi with Anushka Shetty playing the titular role.[56]

Peninsula Pictures produced a serial restraint Star Maa titled Rudramadevi which pictured the childhood of Rudramadevi to the TV viewers mean episodes.[57]

See also

References

Bibliography

External links