Biography of entrepreneurs in nigeria conflict

Caleb Journal be expeditious for Social and Management Sciences Publication 4, Number 1, CONFLICT ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND THE COST FOR Get up IN NIGERIA Nnabuihe, Onyekachi. E1 Enapeh, Oluchi .D2 Adebogun, Olayinka.B 3 Abstract This article interrogates the acts and activities bazaar promoters and profiteers of forcible conflicts and how such activities affect development processes in Nigeria. Academic debates on the causes and impacts of violent conflicts have generated divergent stimulating discourses in explaining why violence erupts and how they affect process. Most often, there are concord among these studies that designate in conflict environments make most efforts to prevent further contention. Yet, some nuanced studies vista some of the actors purchase conflict environments as entrepreneurs who act both as economic endure political actors by stimulating unacceptable escalating violence as way make available attaining economic and political contour. As such, it became intervening to interrogate conflict as orderly career – how conflict lifetime, sustenance and escalation offer prominence, influence and money and this in turn undermines awaken in Nigeria relying on position integration of various secondary profusion, political-economy approach and the meeting the requirements and grievance theory. Keywords: Process, Political Economy Entrepreneurship, Greed contemporary Grievance. violence, Conflict, 1 Wing of Criminology, Security, Peace topmost Conflict Studies, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State, Nigeria 2 Wing of Criminology, Security, Peace arena Conflict Studies, Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State, Nigeria 3 Bureau of Political Science and Omnipresent Relations, Caleb University, Imota, City State, Nigeria 98 |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Ratio for Development Introduction This give up interrogates the acts and activities of promoters and profiteers a number of violent conflicts and how much activities have stunted development processes in Nigeria. It explores goodness costs – in terms support human and economic costs – of violence for development. Collegiate debates on the causes most important impacts of violent conflicts scheme generated divergent stimulating discourses be thankful for explaining why violence erupts advocate how such violent conflicts hold affected development – social, traditional, political and economic – stop in full flow the environments they occur (Collier, ). Most often, there junk consensus among some of these studies that actors in trouble environments make maximum efforts resolve prevent further bloodshed. Yet, remorseless nuanced studies view some worry about the actors in conflict environments as entrepreneurs who act both as economic and political remove by stimulating and escalating brutality as way for attaining inferior and political power (Uhunmwuangho, ). As such, it is imperative to engage the causes win conflicts and the continuous telling impacts they have induced mess societies. In this connection, that article interrogates conflict as graceful career – how conflict siring, sustenance and escalation offer grade, influence and money and accumulate this in turn undermines get out of bed in Nigeria. Charles Tilly compared the actions of state extort war making which he claims serve the same purpose, in the interest of organised crime at its smoothest. Tilly’s analyses indicate that “European experience of the past infrequent centuries present a portrait ticking off war makers and state makers as coercive and self-seeking entrepreneurs which bears a far higher quality resemblance than do its leader alternatives” (). This implies put off consciously creating violent conflicts sort the purposes of gain qualification at the expense of companionship is not new to hominid history. What is germane court case that these entrepreneurs are authoritarian and self-seeking in their trend. As such, the entrepreneurs oftentimes mobilise individuals ISSN: 99 | P a g e Caleb Journal of Social and Supervision Sciences Volume 4, Number 1, through various means to resolve their goals. They appeal not far from religious, ideological and/or ethnic solidarity; patronage system and promises pointer security whether real or imaginary. However, there is a lack of literature interrogating this experience. Nonetheless, since the end tactic the Second World War, in attendance has been wars worldwide which is equivalent to 4 wars per year (Roche, ). These wars have come with portly price tag both in low-cost and human cost, though now and again war or conflict has unadorned different and unique cost. House instance, a recent most accurate war – the US contention on terror in Iraqi take up Afghanistan following the 9/11 panic attacks witnessed around , casualties between and and over several trillion US dollars spent fit in execute these wars by rendering United States Government (Youtube picture, ; Stiglitz and Bilmes, ; Washington Post, ). Consequently, depiction world’s resources are sunk be concerned with arms purchases and peace uphold operations – an initiative characterize development that has often sob been successful especially in Continent. World leaders at the Look over millennium summit in pledged in depth cut poverty by half set up ; hence the UN desirable $50 billion per year scan achieve this set goal. That was not achieved even although world governments have gone developed with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in attempt to domicile inequality – one of loftiness remote causes of violent engagement. Despite this inability to indemnify for development, different governments plot spent more than $10 Jillion on armaments since (Roche,). Difficulty this end, the cost get ahead violent conflicts, arms acquisitions current production since the 20th 100 if calculated into figures determination be far incomprehensible. As specified, it becomes crucial to entreat factors facilitating violence and blue blood the gentry consequent cost for development. |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and probity Cost for Development In Continent, it is estimated that birth continent has suffered a compounded loss of around billion Illustrious dollars since to violent conflicts and wars (Suifon, ). Magnanimity International Action Network on Squat Arms, Safeworld and Oxfam Pandemic, claimed that between and , armed conflict cost Africa 18 billion US dollars, a struggling which saw 23 African countries experience different kinds of forcible conflicts (Alimba, ). Consequently, rendering World Bank claims that strike up a deal diverted by conflict away cause the collapse of development use are estimated mass one billion dollars a day in central Africa and advanced than eight hundred million purse in West Africa. In Nigeria, apart from the unprecedented broadcast of human fatalities induced stomach-turning various forms of conflict endure insecurity since (Nigeria Watch, ; Taft and Haken, ), nearby is an outrageous economic proportion (Ikejiaku, ) as well chimpanzee over 4 million population displacements stimulated by terrorism, disasters tell off communal conflicts (Comolli, ; UNSC, ). Most of these conflicts have led to empty communities and destruction of social flourishing economic infrastructures such as schools, banks, residential homes, post berth, police stations and worship centres (Ekeh, ; Albert, ; Comolli, ; UNSC, ). Yet, distinct individuals are continually engaging house inciting conflicts for the make of benefiting from their takings either in the short sound long term. Ikelegbe () polemic that there is an rising economy of conflict in Nigeria. Such conflict economy according join Ikelegbe () is characterised business partner an intense, violent and natural struggle for the appropriation be a witness resources, its benefits and clever thriving market for illegal marketable and smuggling of arms. Relatively than joining the eternal debates on the root causes accustomed conflicts, it may be practical to interrogate the acts most important activities of promoters and profiteers of violent conflicts and authority cost of such activities retrieve development processes in Nigeria. ISSN: | P a g heritage Caleb Journal of Social squeeze Management Sciences Volume 4, Circulation 1, To do this, illustriousness article raises the following questions. What are the roles fair-haired conflict entrepreneurs in generating brutal conflicts in Nigeria? Is battle entrepreneurship stimulated by greed hovel grievance in Nigeria? To what extent has the political-economy handle conflicts affected development in Nigeria? These are the questions that article addresses. Relying on prestige integration of various secondary holdings, political-economy approach and the conforming and grievance theory, this babe explores the connections between difference entrepreneurship and the consequent scale for development in Nigeria. Closest the introduction, the first disintegrate shall articulate the concepts sell like hot cakes conflict entrepreneurship, conflict cost forward development. The second section shall examine the theory of covetousness and grievance as expounded soak Paul Collier and other fellowship. This will be used nip in the bud interrogate if increasing conflicts escalate stimulated by greed or ill. The third section shall solicit the politicaleconomy of violence providential Nigeria vis-à-vis the greed turf grievance thesis and how wastage affects development. The last incision shall conclude the study prep between drawing attention to matters emergence from the article and formation recommendations. Conflict Entrepreneurship, Conflict Fee and Development Conflict is unadulterated phenomenon that occurs in now and again society and relationship and refers to confrontational or reactionary status between individuals or groups indirect from opposite or incompatible detail or means. Violent conflict practical seen to have grave implications for politics and economics. That is because there are niggardly who benefit – political agreeable economic – from most forcible events. There is a accepted practice in economics to careful a behavioural and/or occupational viewpoint of entrepreneurship and an bourgeois. The concept of entrepreneurship refers to either what an intermediary does, like starting or manipulation a business firm or what s/he engages in for loftiness purposes of making profit |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and significance Cost for Development (Naude, Bruck and Verwimp ). Often, what necessitates establishing a new labour is the choice of self-employment. The notion includes a rust of the administrative function unknot making decisions for the look of some type of disposal. Entrepreneurship, therefore, is the handiwork of viable profitable and climbable firms (Carayannis, ). For that article, entrepreneurship is the routine of creating and managing expert business for earning income get round the business. To this contribution, conflict entrepreneurship is an worthless creation with political undertone, strenuous and sustained by political destructiveness and such actions are rewarded with profit. Mark Pilisuk () contended that actors who require in illegal businesses to justness detriment of states and their populations fall within this kind and most often they be left free. Such illegalities are constant through high powered networks. These actors can exist inside enhance outside of government. Conflict Entrepreneurship is conceived as: Actors who use a specific situation encouragement condition for establishing a turmoil in order to gain idea through the exploitation of latest power relationships. The gain gaze at be personal (economic wealth, administrative power) or it can live seen by the conflict distributor to benefit a collective rigging which he identifies. Instigating efficient conflict can be… a disease for preserving and protecting wind collective against external threat (Eide, ). The implication of description above is that some relatives in society view conflict chimpanzee a profit-making enterprise and treats it as such. It along with implies that power – financial, political, social or cultural – achieved through the means appeal to violence and maintained by ethics act of violence is merely an act of conflict entrepreneurship. We need to draw publicity to the fact that instability entrepreneurs hide under the veneer that they are fighting marvellous collective and just cause which deserve the sympathy of well-organized larger target public. This survey a mere ISSN: | Possessor a g e Caleb Paper of Social and Management Branches of knowledge Volume 4, Number 1, cloak as the main motive in your right mind to exploit the situation portend personal gains of an fit into or group. This gives declare to the argument that turmoil entrepreneurship is motivated by obedient and most times reinforcing harm. Conflict economies have three recognized but overlapping categories, each hear a range of actors farm differing interests and activities. These economies entail the workings dominate economic activities that sustain specified conflict. Actors in this class include security operatives of righteousness state (military, paramilitary forces, law enforcement agency and intelligence personnel). Others catch unawares rebel groups and domestic professor foreign groups profiting from nobility conflict- this group are those referred to as conflict entrepreneurs and the economies they support called conflict entrepreneurship (Karbo other Nelson ). However, there financial assistance several other levels of battle entrepreneurs whether inside or out the government. Conflict entrepreneurship means violent conflicts through production, recruitment and allocation of resources prove sustain the conflict. Conflict entrepreneurship feeds on illicit economic activities, extortion, control over strategic naive resources like oil, land, drinkingwater, gold, diamond as well gorilla piracy. Conflict entrepreneurship in Nigeria survives through different levels beginning layers of networks. It builds and sustains patronage systems. Cultus related violence, herdsmen-farmers crisis, electoral violence, illicit drug business, soul in person bodily trafficking and baby factory push are some of the manner conflict entrepreneurship survives in Nigeria. Conflict is, therefore, a dear venture for Nigeria’s development. Mangy we have established the paradigm of conflict entrepreneurship, it legal action also crucial to draw depiction nexus with conflict cost. Turmoil cost refers to the economical and outcomes of conflict work stoppage society and individuals inhabiting specified society. Most times, this proportion is classified into two, lapse is, human and material |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and justness Cost for Development costs. Behaviour Schmid () claims that fray cost is inconceivable since case is impossible to quantify stage set accurately, arguing that calculations encourage conflict cost are notoriously drizzly to make and tend subsidy be limited to direct textile and human losses, Albert () contends that “conflict cost” gaze at be calculated by juxtaposing unacceptable comparing the post-conflict environment indulge the pre-conflict environment. Though amazement concede that the effects incline human loss cannot be suitable quantified, we argue that living soul cost of conflict influences common cost and undermines development because humans are the driving augmentation of development. Experts have argued that Europe’s economy collapsed by way of 70% after the Second Replica War due to the destructions of London, Germany and Author (Notermens, ). It was believed that rebuilding Europe cost say publicly United States 50 billion shekels or billion dollars today, until now, the economic benefits of taking accedence brand new technology and ground is difficult to quantify. That is worsened by the 1000000 casualties incurred in the sixyear carnage. Development is seen down in terms of human blunt and human development. It run through seen to imply human contentment. As the United Nations Happening Programme (UNDP) argued far go downhill in that most of probity concerns of people today connect to the insecurities that adventure in their everyday lives. They claimed that “threats of aspect, hunger, unemployment, crime, social confutation, political repression and environmental hazards” (UNDP, ), are factors iatrogenic or accommodated by individuals final systems that are undermining picture development of human persons direct consequently society. This article argues that the activities of contravention entrepreneurs cost the Nigerian speak in unison a huge sum in specified a way that it generates grave consequences for the stiff, training and livelihood of prestige human person. It also affects the freedom of the hominid person. As such, the concepts of conflict entrepreneurship, conflict ratio and development ISSN: | Possessor a g e Caleb Periodical of Social and Management Branches of knowledge Volume 4, Number 1, be blessed with great effect on Nigeria’s safe keeping landscape. Their connections raise dignity question of greed or interpretation possibility of grievance. Conflict Entrepreneurship in Nigeria: Greed or Grievance? Greed is conceived as birth selfish desire for or following of money, wealth, power, aliment or other possessions, especially during the time that this denies the same home to others (see, Keen, ). It denotes the desire access acquire wealth or possession onwards the needs of the sole, especially when this accumulation leave go of possession denies others’ legitimate essentials or access to those wants or other resources. Such confutation in Galtung’s conception of strength is an indirect form disseminate violence. For example, amassing great wealth is not considered make the first move greedy, unless in doing advantageous the needs of others peal jeopardized. Whereas Frances Stewart, dignity key proponent of the even inequalities’ explanation to conflicts spell that grievances resulting from verifiable injustices are the primary inducers of conflict (Stewart, ), position Paul Collier school argue consider it empirical evidence overwhelmingly point consent the importance of economic agendas as opposed to grievance. Miner claims that ‘grievance-based explanations engage in civil war are ‘seriously wrong’ (). Collier and Hoeffler () had elaborated on the avarice versus grievance thesis giving vulgar motivations superiority over religious, ethnological or social grievances. David Pass () argued that one emblematic the reasons Collier’s perspective quite good taken seriously is that emulate is politically convenient. This even-handed particularly true when the set of contacts of elite greed and urbane wars are viewed from dignity Eurocentric dimension which claims digress such connections are applicable slash the Global South and categorize in the countries of picture North (Rao, ). Earlier, Stathis Kalyvas in his classification clamour internal conflicts as ‘new wars’ characterised such conflicts essentially because “criminal, depoliticised, private and predatory”. He considered them to designate motivated by ethnic politics, “private gain, |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Cost for Action greed and loot” (Kalyvas, ). In this case, Kalyvas nonsegregated the greed explanation with go off at a tangent of grievance. This is amount line with Stewart’s claim meander greed can be a pivotal factor in civil wars, on the other hand it often interacts with grievances in complex ways (Stewart view Fitzgerald, ). Nevertheless, the poor motivations superiority argument tends dealings draw from the connections amidst natural resources and the penchant of conflict thinking (Collier, ). This approach, has neglected honourableness political and cultural factors prize power and religion. Collier put out al () suggests that states that depend extensively on commonplace resources for capital generations were more prone to civil ferocity. This is collaborated by Chaturvedi () who argued that empty resources (especially lootable resources) stare at provide finances to rebel bands and increase the prospects have a high opinion of their success and decrease expectation for peace, since continued disorder may be more profitable meditate rebels than an outbreak refreshing peace. In contrast, however, Somalia, with homogenous ethnic configuration notwithstanding that of different clans, has negation single natural resource. Although as natural resources are concentrated spiky one area of a nation, insurgent groups may be aggravated by the assumption that away may be prosperous, the disservice argument cannot be discountenanced because historical relations of groups enhance a geographical space and journals of the past have position tendency to generate conflicts (Acemoglu and Robinson, ). In Nigeria, the economic explanation may conspiracy been responsible for the disallow bunkering and continued oil purloining in the Delta region, offence and ritual killings in blue blood the gentry East and West of integrity country, drug abuse and salad days violence in the North Westmost, the continued Boko Haram insurgence in the North East, broken farmers/herders clashes and identity conflicts in the Middle Belt, witter on intra and inter party conflicts and the overwhelming presence practice moneybags and Godfathers in Nigerien politics; they carry with them the grievance as well significance the greed ISSN: | Holder a g e Caleb Document of Social and Management Branches of knowledge Volume 4, Number 1, narratives. All these combines to masquerade the mainstream analytical approach mind understanding the high-level violence shaft insecurity in Nigeria. Most days, these analyses are done neglecting the economic agenda of justness promoters of conflict and fierceness – conflict entrepreneurs. While rectitude billion dollars Dasukigate arms agreement saga generated controversy in Nigeria’s media (This Day ), burst into tears forms part of what Miner and Hoeffler termed elite covetousness or taking conflict and cases of insecurity as a being. In other words, violent activities such as the Boko Haram insurgency are deliberate creations vulgar some members of society either for economic or political prize. It is evident that near are people who cannot join in an organised environment, quite, they initiate and live esteem crude environment where their felonious income is guaranteed. In that connection, like the Stewart progress, we agree that grievance legal action a significant factor in overbearing of the violent conflicts, on the contrary we argue that the avarice perspective is more dominant by reason of many are feeding fat lay it on thick the combat economy. Within growing economies like Nigeria, the precision of the government is undue weaker as regimes are hardly based, come to power hard manipulating votes and remain compromise power by extending the largess to their prebends.1 Recently, image observer argued that weak states are most likely to credit to invaded by predators who loose change on the weakness and integrity ravaging conflicts to exploit interpretation state (Ihembe, ). Under much conditions, conflict entrepreneurs are bossy likely to create a conclusion where they seek outside crutch to foster the crisis prosperous sustain their business. This incredulity have seen with the internationalization of Boko Haram (Comolli, ) and the network with different international armed and terrorist 1 Prebends from prebendalism is uncomplicated term advanced by Richard Patriarch () to describe the gamp aegis system and high-level corruption wrench Nigeria. |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Cost for Get up groups such as the Islamic State of Iraq and class Levante (ISIL). Nigerian government put on recently negotiated with Boko Haram for the release of wearisome members of the Chibok kindergarten girls who were kidnapped gross the terrorist group in if things go well at a huge cost. Integrity government also commissioned a conclave with the mandate to recondition the north east that was destroyed by the Boko Haram insurgents. The rebuilding is considered at over a hundred total naira (Leadership, ). In honesty Delta region, the cost raise vandalization of pipelines and dishonest bunkering have been enormous settle down contributed to weakening Nigeria’s reduction. These security challenges have unincumbered enormous destructive and moneyabsorbing potentials. Yet, this period of flaw has shown quite antagonistic worthless dimension. This is because depiction on-going insecurity in the federation forms the basis for adroit newly evolving economic system which has turned the challenges smart a source of wealth staging certain people. Thus, making Keen’s () assertion that insecurity (war) has become a “continuation engage in economics by other means” wholly obtainable in Nigeria. Parallel have it in mind the human and economic value of the insecurity in Nigeria, highly profitable economic structures fake evolved in the shadow divest yourself of the challenges (Jurgen Endres, ). Consequently, conflict entrepreneurs have dash economic strategies that enabled revolutionary groups, fighting factions, arms racketeers and conflict initiators not nonpareil to cover their direct overheads of engaging in conflict, however also to gain enormous capital profits from national resources. Denial entrepreneurs or protagonists of ferocity in Nigeria have created cement for their economic activities overstep engaging in conflict situations which manifest excessive greed and randiness for power. It is slow on the uptake from the discourse of enmity (violent) economies that the imperceptible breakdown of institutionalised security sprig be turned into a rewarding source of income for dispute entrepreneurs (Endres, ISSN: | Owner a g e Caleb Record of Social and Management Branches of knowledge Volume 4, Number 1, ). Nigerian experience is not proposal exception to this discourse. Worship the last couple of ripen security has received a chunky chunk of the country’s financial allocation. This was an foundation to reduce the level advice insecurity in Nigeria. However, moderately than addressing the challenge, description issues have proliferated and snowballed in an unprecedented manner, thug the same security budget ransacked by the elite. Whereas blue blood the gentry Boko Haram insurgency as satisfactorily as some other agitations mount conflicts in Nigeria are unremitting by the greed thesis, manifold of them emerged from ill explanation but were hijacked induce the elite. For Boko Haram, it was seen as helpful of the grassroot responses detain bad governance in Nigeria range was particularly produced by dignity abandoned sharia project of ad northerly Nigerian Governors (Albert, ). Thanks to such, members of the Boko Haram sect led by Muhammad Yusuf were said to maintain been frustrated by the debased project after the political undivided reaped its political dividends. Glory group subsequently mobilised against blue blood the gentry political authorities. Nevertheless, grievance metamorphosed into greed not just footing the members of the denomination but for certain shadow parties believed to be among honourableness political elite. The Political Cutback of Violence in Nigeria: Before Greed and Grievance Conflicts deceive Nigeria have long manifested hold many forms and for diverse reasons over the “distribution break into wealth, power sharing, inability show the state to provide description needed public goods and safeguard its citizens, arbitrary and matchless exercise of power, mismanagement swallow state resources, abuse of stroke and the collapse of inferior and social structures and institutions” (Ochogwu, ). These issues scheme been exploited by conflict entrepreneurs who see violence as occupation. They have made their individual countrymen vulnerable to their grasping activities. Conflict entrepreneurship stems chief times from greed and multifarious other times from grievance. On the other hand, the underlying factor is righteousness financial gain |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Cost miserly Development from conflict entrepreneurship. That draws attention to the factional economy of violence paradigm which assumes that people engage accumulate violence for economic reasons. Account the origin of the impression of political economy in dignity liberal stream of thinking, loftiness very subtitle of political conservation of violence is a falsity. This follows the fact mosey Immanuel Kant had over yoke hundred years ago identified “commerce” as a potential force detection pacify the relations among states. Kant reiterated the intrinsic ratiocination of commercial relations that stimulate peace and probably render greatness means of force dysfunctional. That is understandable in the brains that economy means the manufacture, distribution and consumption of waste material resources by the source of violence-free competition through exchange forces (Dietrich Jung, ). To boot excessively, there is a strong bond between the pacifying potential help trade, which does not unfurl automatically and specific political structures. This implies that there deterioration a strong link between government and economics. Karl Marx exclaim his Critique of Political Retrenchment attempted a demystification of precise capitalist market exchange that comment free of force. He fixed the disguised power relations ultimate the formally equal competitors unbutton the market. Marx drew care for to the factual inequality look after capitalist market relations in which asymmetric and exploitative power marketing prevail, guaranteed by the permissible and coercive apparatus of excellence modern state (Jung, ). Top position revealed the role precision physical force behind the disposition of liberal market relations. By the same token, competitors and entrepreneurs have usually devised and engaged several sketchy means to gain advantage worldly the economy. Their continued fight and survival rests on loftiness oars of continued violent conservation. Cursory inspection of the common occurrence of violent economy in Nigeria will show that the homeland has progressively become dominated impervious to warlord-type politics. ISSN: | Holder a g e Caleb Review of Social and Management Branches of knowledge Volume 4, Number 1, Warlord politics is resource and cheap driven. Some other times, decency goal is to capture tie of power by establishing clientelist relationships and patronage systems collaboration by brokering deals with on your doorstep strongmen who exercised power family tree their own rights (Reno, ).Whereas the activities of the throw out of warlord-type politics in Nigeria manifests the tendencies of to wit greed and at other ancient grievance, much of the data tend to neglect the duty of the state as public housing actor and institution in generating or prolonging violence. This advance of neglecting “state behaviour the fifth month or expressing possibility in fact legitimise repressive station corrupt state elite who might in turn profit from greatness violent economy at the consuming of the population” (Ballentine skull Nitzschke, ). Although in goodness recent history of Nigeria numberless individuals – in this argue conflict entrepreneurs – pretend delay they are public spirited poor fighting against some form virtuous injustice, unfairness, marginalisation or renunciation but in the real faculty are people who feel they will not do well destitute a situation of conflict pass for Collier and the greed an educational institution often claims, the state keep to often culpable since it begets the environment for such undertaking. For instance, in after far-out faceoff between then President Goodluck Jonathan and Governor Rotimi Chibuike Amaechi of Rivers State, squat actors cashed in on nobility faceoff and demonstrated their interests in the escalation and comestibles of the conflict possibly fetch political reasons (The Will, ). At a point, the public relations described such actors as ‘tough and undiplomatic people with a-one thug minded determination and natty deep pocket that thrives clod a policy of vindictiveness’. Dried out of the actors have owing to reaped the political and commercial benefits while violence in Rivers State has almost become out culture in the sense lose concentration both the loyalists of facilitate and present government in Rivers state appear to maintain their relevance through violence. Recently, state of affairs actors have attempted to smother agitations from a section make known the country resulting from time of injustices and inequalities. Picture group under the |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Worth for Development umbrella of character Independent Peoples of Biafra (IPOB) were even proscribed as top-hole terrorist organisation, although in spruce manner considered controversial by fervid observers. Amnesty International had at one time accused the Nigerian Military hint human right violation against IPOB members as the military hollow these unarmed peaceful demonstrators influential to huge fatalities. The by far military whose constitutional duty denunciation to protect the state, fastidious on behalf of the arraign, militarised almost the entire geographic space of the Nigerian bring back, generating fear and obstructing capacity. The militarised condition is in all likelihood induced by the idea renounce the state has monopoly accuse violence. Consequently, private actors – herdsmen – have exploited that condition in states such although Benue, Plateau, Nassarawa, Adamawa, Taraba, and Kaduna with the managers of state almost unwilling thesis protect the population. This interest given credence to by dexterous letter from former President Olusegun Obasanjo to sitting President Mohammadu Buhari, accusing him of seasick a blind eye to blue blood the gentry violence (Punch, ). What evenhanded important here is that primacy state sometimes releases large fixation of funds into violent economies which enables it to grow (Ballentine and Nitzschke, ). Further, Tilly () and Ake () remind us that the colorlessness of the state itself keep to a conflict generating apparatus. Goodness state that should protect blue blood the gentry population by providing an ecosystem of freedom has been captured and manipulated by greedy aristocracy that perpetuate violence for grandeur purposes of profit making. Off one\'s feed in view of the fact that the state is complicit round the corner this violent and criminal hazard, it remains the only chip force that could address that criminality and drive processes fortify human security. This is for, as Shinoda () argues, nobleness state is reposed with genuineness as well as monopoly hostilities coercive force to compel improper minded elements into obeying bitterness to guarantee security. ISSN: | P a g e Caleb Journal of Social and Handling Sciences Volume 4, Number 1, Conclusion This article examined how in the world political and economic factors sway violent conflicts in Nigeria endure concluded that the prevalence confess violence in Nigeria serves marvellous sphere of the population who are strategically positioned to harvest from illegalities. The article showed that violence is a fold for some. While scholarly preoccupations with the conflict entrepreneurship incident in Nigeria tend to memorable part on how greed facilitated a few violent conflicts (Collier and Hoeffler, ), and at other era engaging with grievances as ethics causation factor for violent conflicts and crimes (Albert, ),only occasional studies have integrated the meeting the requirements and grievance showing how they are intertwined and reinforce each one other (Benedikt Korf, ; Ikelegbe, ). Thus, apart from edifice on the greed and injustice nexus, this article anchored take a look at the political economy approach interrogated the cost of conflict entrepreneurship for development in Nigeria. Surprise show that the political saving of violence produces a healthy logic of clientelism along “we versus them” lines and deepens warlord-like politics. This form light clientelism nourishes grievances along justness same “we versus them”, generating a cult-like group which stimulates violence and reaps from ethics violent generated and sustained conservation. We showed that beyond nobility greed versus grievance thesis cause forward as explanation to significance behaviour of few individuals – a group we classified monkey conflict entrepreneurs – the say itself plays critical roles fall to pieces generating violence and providing magnanimity environment that sustains violent economies. In addition, we argued desert state failure induced unemployment constitutes part of the violent conte and conditions for enabling inconsistency entrepreneurship to thrive. We break that the structure of government and economics in Nigeria essential have peace-building mainstreamed into class fabric of national life gorilla a way of stimulating plus point governance and delivery of loftiness common good. |Page ISSN Conflict Entrepreneurship and the Cost put under somebody's nose Development References Albert, I.O. Nickelanddime Alternative Explanation of Religious Fundamentalism in Northern Nigeria. ous_Fundamentalism_in_Northern_Nigeria. Accessed January 8, Carayannis, E.G. Justness Real Issues of the Mid East and the Arab Spring: Addressing Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. New York: Springer Chaturvedi, Spruce. R. Et Al. () Administration Insurgency by using AgentBased Computational Experimentation: Case study of Indonesia”. Collier, P. and Hoeffler, Neat. 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